# Copyright (C) 2018 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""Utilities for producing help strings for use in Fire CLIs.

Can produce help strings suitable for display in Fire CLIs for any type of
Python object, module, class, or function.

There are two types of informative strings: Usage and Help screens.

Usage screens are shown when the user accesses a group or accesses a command
without calling it. A Usage screen shows information about how to use that group
or command. Usage screens are typically short and show the minimal information
necessary for the user to determine how to proceed.

Help screens are shown when the user requests help with the help flag (--help).
Help screens are shown in a less-style console view, and contain detailed help
information.
"""

import collections
import itertools

from fire import completion
from fire import custom_descriptions
from fire import decorators
from fire import docstrings
from fire import formatting
from fire import inspectutils
from fire import value_types

LINE_LENGTH = 80
SECTION_INDENTATION = 4
SUBSECTION_INDENTATION = 4


def HelpText(component, trace=None, verbose=False):
  """Gets the help string for the current component, suitable for a help screen.

  Args:
    component: The component to construct the help string for.
    trace: The Fire trace of the command so far. The command executed so far
      can be extracted from this trace.
    verbose: Whether to include private members in the help screen.

  Returns:
    The full help screen as a string.
  """
  # Preprocessing needed to create the sections:
  info = inspectutils.Info(component)
  actions_grouped_by_kind = _GetActionsGroupedByKind(component, verbose=verbose)
  spec = inspectutils.GetFullArgSpec(component)
  metadata = decorators.GetMetadata(component)

  # Sections:
  name_section = _NameSection(component, info, trace=trace, verbose=verbose)
  synopsis_section = _SynopsisSection(
      component, actions_grouped_by_kind, spec, metadata, trace=trace)
  description_section = _DescriptionSection(component, info)
  # TODO(dbieber): Add returns and raises sections for functions.

  if callable(component):
    args_and_flags_sections, notes_sections = _ArgsAndFlagsSections(
        info, spec, metadata)
  else:
    args_and_flags_sections = []
    notes_sections = []
  usage_details_sections = _UsageDetailsSections(component,
                                                 actions_grouped_by_kind)

  sections = (
      [name_section, synopsis_section, description_section]
      + args_and_flags_sections
      + usage_details_sections
      + notes_sections
  )
  return '\n\n'.join(
      _CreateOutputSection(*section)
      for section in sections if section is not None
  )


def _NameSection(component, info, trace=None, verbose=False):
  """The "Name" section of the help string."""

  # Only include separators in the name in verbose mode.
  current_command = _GetCurrentCommand(trace, include_separators=verbose)
  summary = _GetSummary(info)

  # If the docstring is one of the messy builtin docstrings, show custom one.
  if custom_descriptions.NeedsCustomDescription(component):
    available_space = LINE_LENGTH - SECTION_INDENTATION - len(current_command +
                                                              ' - ')
    summary = custom_descriptions.GetSummary(component, available_space,
                                             LINE_LENGTH)

  if summary:
    text = f'{current_command} - {summary}'
  else:
    text = current_command
  return ('NAME', text)


def _SynopsisSection(component, actions_grouped_by_kind, spec, metadata,
                     trace=None):
  """The "Synopsis" section of the help string."""
  current_command = _GetCurrentCommand(trace=trace, include_separators=True)

  possible_actions = _GetPossibleActions(actions_grouped_by_kind)

  continuations = []
  if possible_actions:
    continuations.append(_GetPossibleActionsString(possible_actions))
  if callable(component):
    callable_continuation = _GetArgsAndFlagsString(spec, metadata)
    if callable_continuation:
      continuations.append(callable_continuation)
    elif trace:
      # This continuation might be blank if no args are needed.
      # In this case, show a separator.
      continuations.append(trace.separator)
  continuation = ' | '.join(continuations)

  text = f'{current_command} {continuation}'
  return ('SYNOPSIS', text)


def _DescriptionSection(component, info):
  """The "Description" sections of the help string.

  Args:
    component: The component to produce the description section for.
    info: The info dict for the component of interest.

  Returns:
    Returns the description if available. If not, returns the summary.
    If neither are available, returns None.
  """
  if custom_descriptions.NeedsCustomDescription(component):
    available_space = LINE_LENGTH - SECTION_INDENTATION
    description = custom_descriptions.GetDescription(component, available_space,
                                                     LINE_LENGTH)
    summary = custom_descriptions.GetSummary(component, available_space,
                                             LINE_LENGTH)
  else:
    description = _GetDescription(info)
    summary = _GetSummary(info)
  # Fall back to summary if description is not available.
  text = description or summary or None
  if text:
    return ('DESCRIPTION', text)
  else:
    return None


def _CreateKeywordOnlyFlagItem(flag, docstring_info, spec, short_arg):
  return _CreateFlagItem(
      flag, docstring_info, spec, required=flag not in spec.kwonlydefaults,
      short_arg=short_arg)


def _GetShortFlags(flags):
  """Gets a list of single-character flags that uniquely identify a flag.

  Args:
    flags: list of strings representing flags

  Returns:
    List of single character short flags,
    where the character occurred at the start of a flag once.
  """
  short_flags = [f[0] for f in flags]
  short_flag_counts = collections.Counter(short_flags)
  return [v for v in short_flags if short_flag_counts[v] == 1]


def _ArgsAndFlagsSections(info, spec, metadata):
  """The "Args and Flags" sections of the help string."""
  args_with_no_defaults = spec.args[:len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults)]
  args_with_defaults = spec.args[len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults):]

  # Check if positional args are allowed. If not, require flag syntax for args.
  accepts_positional_args = metadata.get(decorators.ACCEPTS_POSITIONAL_ARGS)

  args_and_flags_sections = []
  notes_sections = []

  docstring_info = info['docstring_info']

  arg_items = [
      _CreateArgItem(arg, docstring_info, spec)
      for arg in args_with_no_defaults
  ]

  if spec.varargs:
    arg_items.append(
        _CreateArgItem(spec.varargs, docstring_info, spec)
    )

  if arg_items:
    title = 'POSITIONAL ARGUMENTS' if accepts_positional_args else 'ARGUMENTS'
    arguments_section = (title, '\n'.join(arg_items).rstrip('\n'))
    args_and_flags_sections.append(arguments_section)
    if args_with_no_defaults and accepts_positional_args:
      notes_sections.append(
          ('NOTES', 'You can also use flags syntax for POSITIONAL ARGUMENTS')
      )

  unique_short_args = _GetShortFlags(args_with_defaults)
  positional_flag_items = [
      _CreateFlagItem(
          flag, docstring_info, spec, required=False,
          short_arg=flag[0] in unique_short_args
      )
      for flag in args_with_defaults
  ]

  unique_short_kwonly_flags = _GetShortFlags(spec.kwonlyargs)
  kwonly_flag_items = [
      _CreateKeywordOnlyFlagItem(
          flag, docstring_info, spec,
          short_arg=flag[0] in unique_short_kwonly_flags
      )
      for flag in spec.kwonlyargs
  ]
  flag_items = positional_flag_items + kwonly_flag_items

  if spec.varkw:
    # Include kwargs documented via :key param:
    documented_kwargs = []

    # add short flags if possible
    flags = docstring_info.args or []
    flag_names = [f.name for f in flags]
    unique_short_flags = _GetShortFlags(flag_names)
    for flag in flags:
      if isinstance(flag, docstrings.KwargInfo):
        if flag.name[0] in unique_short_flags:
          short_name = flag.name[0]
          flag_string = f'-{short_name}, --{flag.name}'
        else:
          flag_string = f'--{flag.name}'

        flag_item = _CreateFlagItem(
            flag.name, docstring_info, spec,
            flag_string=flag_string)
        documented_kwargs.append(flag_item)
    if documented_kwargs:
      # Separate documented kwargs from other flags using a message
      if flag_items:
        message = 'The following flags are also accepted.'
        item = _CreateItem(message, None, indent=4)
        flag_items.append(item)
      flag_items.extend(documented_kwargs)

    description = _GetArgDescription(spec.varkw, docstring_info)
    if documented_kwargs:
      message = 'Additional undocumented flags may also be accepted.'
    elif flag_items:
      message = 'Additional flags are accepted.'
    else:
      message = 'Flags are accepted.'
    item = _CreateItem(message, description, indent=4)
    flag_items.append(item)

  if flag_items:
    flags_section = ('FLAGS', '\n'.join(flag_items))
    args_and_flags_sections.append(flags_section)

  return args_and_flags_sections, notes_sections


def _UsageDetailsSections(component, actions_grouped_by_kind):
  """The usage details sections of the help string."""
  groups, commands, values, indexes = actions_grouped_by_kind

  sections = []
  if groups.members:
    sections.append(_MakeUsageDetailsSection(groups))
  if commands.members:
    sections.append(_MakeUsageDetailsSection(commands))
  if values.members:
    sections.append(_ValuesUsageDetailsSection(component, values))
  if indexes.members:
    sections.append(('INDEXES', _NewChoicesSection('INDEX', indexes.names)))

  return sections


def _GetSummary(info):
  docstring_info = info['docstring_info']
  return docstring_info.summary if docstring_info.summary else None


def _GetDescription(info):
  docstring_info = info['docstring_info']
  return docstring_info.description if docstring_info.description else None


def _GetArgsAndFlagsString(spec, metadata):
  """The args and flags string for showing how to call a function.

  If positional arguments are accepted, the args will be shown as positional.
  E.g. "ARG1 ARG2 [--flag=FLAG]"

  If positional arguments are disallowed, the args will be shown with flags
  syntax.
  E.g. "--arg1=ARG1 [--flag=FLAG]"

  Args:
    spec: The full arg spec for the component to construct the args and flags
      string for.
    metadata: Metadata for the component, including whether it accepts
      positional arguments.

  Returns:
    The constructed args and flags string.
  """
  args_with_no_defaults = spec.args[:len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults)]
  args_with_defaults = spec.args[len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults):]

  # Check if positional args are allowed. If not, require flag syntax for args.
  accepts_positional_args = metadata.get(decorators.ACCEPTS_POSITIONAL_ARGS)

  arg_and_flag_strings = []
  if args_with_no_defaults:
    if accepts_positional_args:
      arg_strings = [formatting.Underline(arg.upper())
                     for arg in args_with_no_defaults]
    else:
      arg_strings = [
          f'--{arg}={formatting.Underline(arg.upper())}'
          for arg in args_with_no_defaults
      ]
    arg_and_flag_strings.extend(arg_strings)

  # If there are any arguments that are treated as flags:
  if args_with_defaults or spec.kwonlyargs or spec.varkw:
    arg_and_flag_strings.append('<flags>')

  if spec.varargs:
    varargs_underlined = formatting.Underline(spec.varargs.upper())
    varargs_string = f'[{varargs_underlined}]...'
    arg_and_flag_strings.append(varargs_string)

  return ' '.join(arg_and_flag_strings)


def _GetPossibleActions(actions_grouped_by_kind):
  """The list of possible action kinds."""
  possible_actions = []
  for action_group in actions_grouped_by_kind:
    if action_group.members:
      possible_actions.append(action_group.name)
  return possible_actions


def _GetPossibleActionsString(possible_actions):
  """A help screen string listing the possible action kinds available."""
  return ' | '.join(formatting.Underline(action.upper())
                    for action in possible_actions)


def _GetActionsGroupedByKind(component, verbose=False):
  """Gets lists of available actions, grouped by action kind."""
  groups = ActionGroup(name='group', plural='groups')
  commands = ActionGroup(name='command', plural='commands')
  values = ActionGroup(name='value', plural='values')
  indexes = ActionGroup(name='index', plural='indexes')

  members = completion.VisibleMembers(component, verbose=verbose)
  for member_name, member in members:
    member_name = str(member_name)
    if value_types.IsGroup(member):
      groups.Add(name=member_name, member=member)
    if value_types.IsCommand(member):
      commands.Add(name=member_name, member=member)
    if value_types.IsValue(member):
      values.Add(name=member_name, member=member)

  if isinstance(component, (list, tuple)) and component:
    component_len = len(component)
    if component_len < 10:
      indexes.Add(name=', '.join(str(x) for x in range(component_len)))
    else:
      indexes.Add(name=f'0..{component_len-1}')

  return [groups, commands, values, indexes]


def _GetCurrentCommand(trace=None, include_separators=True):
  """Returns current command for the purpose of generating help text."""
  if trace:
    current_command = trace.GetCommand(include_separators=include_separators)
  else:
    current_command = ''
  return current_command


def _CreateOutputSection(name, content):
  return f"""{formatting.Bold(name)}
{formatting.Indent(content, SECTION_INDENTATION)}"""


def _CreateArgItem(arg, docstring_info, spec):
  """Returns a string describing a positional argument.

  Args:
    arg: The name of the positional argument.
    docstring_info: A docstrings.DocstringInfo namedtuple with information about
      the containing function's docstring.
    spec: An instance of fire.inspectutils.FullArgSpec, containing type and
      default information about the arguments to a callable.

  Returns:
    A string to be used in constructing the help screen for the function.
  """

  # The help string is indented, so calculate the maximum permitted length
  # before indentation to avoid exceeding the maximum line length.
  max_str_length = LINE_LENGTH - SECTION_INDENTATION - SUBSECTION_INDENTATION

  description = _GetArgDescription(arg, docstring_info)

  arg_string = formatting.BoldUnderline(arg.upper())

  arg_type = _GetArgType(arg, spec)
  arg_type = f'Type: {arg_type}' if arg_type else ''
  available_space = max_str_length - len(arg_type)
  arg_type = (
      formatting.EllipsisTruncate(arg_type, available_space, max_str_length))

  description = '\n'.join(part for part in (arg_type, description) if part)

  return _CreateItem(arg_string, description, indent=SUBSECTION_INDENTATION)


def _CreateFlagItem(flag, docstring_info, spec, required=False,
                    flag_string=None, short_arg=False):
  """Returns a string describing a flag using docstring and FullArgSpec info.

  Args:
    flag: The name of the flag.
    docstring_info: A docstrings.DocstringInfo namedtuple with information about
      the containing function's docstring.
    spec: An instance of fire.inspectutils.FullArgSpec, containing type and
     default information about the arguments to a callable.
    required: Whether the flag is required.
    flag_string: If provided, use this string for the flag, rather than
      constructing one from the flag name.
    short_arg: Whether the flag has a short variation or not.
  Returns:
    A string to be used in constructing the help screen for the function.
  """
  # pylint: disable=g-bad-todo
  # TODO(MichaelCG8): Get type and default information from docstrings if it is
  # not available in FullArgSpec. This will require updating
  # fire.docstrings.parser().

  # The help string is indented, so calculate the maximum permitted length
  # before indentation to avoid exceeding the maximum line length.
  max_str_length = LINE_LENGTH - SECTION_INDENTATION - SUBSECTION_INDENTATION

  description = _GetArgDescription(flag, docstring_info)

  if not flag_string:
    flag_name_upper = formatting.Underline(flag.upper())
    flag_string = f'--{flag}={flag_name_upper}'
  if required:
    flag_string += ' (required)'
  if short_arg:
    short_flag = flag[0]
    flag_string = f'-{short_flag}, {flag_string}'

  arg_type = _GetArgType(flag, spec)
  arg_default = _GetArgDefault(flag, spec)

  # We need to handle the case where there is a default of None, but otherwise
  # the argument has another type.
  if arg_default == 'None':
    arg_type = f'Optional[{arg_type}]'

  arg_type = f'Type: {arg_type}' if arg_type else ''
  available_space = max_str_length - len(arg_type)
  arg_type = (
      formatting.EllipsisTruncate(arg_type, available_space, max_str_length))

  arg_default = f'Default: {arg_default}' if arg_default else ''
  available_space = max_str_length - len(arg_default)
  arg_default = (
      formatting.EllipsisTruncate(arg_default, available_space, max_str_length))

  description = '\n'.join(
      part for part in (arg_type, arg_default, description) if part
  )

  return _CreateItem(flag_string, description, indent=SUBSECTION_INDENTATION)


def _GetArgType(arg, spec):
  """Returns a string describing the type of an argument.

  Args:
    arg: The name of the argument.
    spec: An instance of fire.inspectutils.FullArgSpec, containing type and
     default information about the arguments to a callable.
  Returns:
    A string to be used in constructing the help screen for the function, the
    empty string if the argument type is not available.
  """
  if arg in spec.annotations:
    arg_type = spec.annotations[arg]
    try:
      return arg_type.__qualname__
    except AttributeError:
      # Some typing objects, such as typing.Union do not have either a __name__
      # or __qualname__ attribute.
      # repr(typing.Union[int, str]) will return ': typing.Union[int, str]'
      return repr(arg_type)
  return ''


def _GetArgDefault(flag, spec):
  """Returns a string describing a flag's default value.

  Args:
    flag: The name of the flag.
    spec: An instance of fire.inspectutils.FullArgSpec, containing type and
     default information about the arguments to a callable.
  Returns:
    A string to be used in constructing the help screen for the function, the
    empty string if the flag does not have a default or the default is not
    available.
  """
  num_defaults = len(spec.defaults)
  args_with_defaults = spec.args[-num_defaults:]

  for arg, default in zip(args_with_defaults, spec.defaults):
    if arg == flag:
      return repr(default)
  if flag in spec.kwonlydefaults:
    return repr(spec.kwonlydefaults[flag])
  return ''


def _CreateItem(name, description, indent=2):
  if not description:
    return name
  description = formatting.Indent(description, indent)
  return f"""{name}
{description}"""


def _GetArgDescription(name, docstring_info):
  if docstring_info.args:
    for arg_in_docstring in docstring_info.args:
      if arg_in_docstring.name in (name, f'*{name}', f'**{name}'):
        return arg_in_docstring.description
  return None


def _MakeUsageDetailsSection(action_group):
  """Creates a usage details section for the provided action group."""
  item_strings = []
  for name, member in action_group.GetItems():
    info = inspectutils.Info(member)
    item = name
    docstring_info = info.get('docstring_info')
    if (docstring_info
        and not custom_descriptions.NeedsCustomDescription(member)):
      summary = docstring_info.summary
    elif custom_descriptions.NeedsCustomDescription(member):
      summary = custom_descriptions.GetSummary(
          member, LINE_LENGTH - SECTION_INDENTATION, LINE_LENGTH)
    else:
      summary = None
    item = _CreateItem(name, summary)
    item_strings.append(item)
  return (action_group.plural.upper(),
          _NewChoicesSection(action_group.name.upper(), item_strings))


def _ValuesUsageDetailsSection(component, values):
  """Creates a section tuple for the values section of the usage details."""
  value_item_strings = []
  for value_name, value in values.GetItems():
    del value
    init_info = inspectutils.Info(component.__class__.__init__)
    value_item = None
    if 'docstring_info' in init_info:
      init_docstring_info = init_info['docstring_info']
      if init_docstring_info.args:
        for arg_info in init_docstring_info.args:
          if arg_info.name == value_name:
            value_item = _CreateItem(value_name, arg_info.description)
    if value_item is None:
      value_item = str(value_name)
    value_item_strings.append(value_item)
  return ('VALUES', _NewChoicesSection('VALUE', value_item_strings))


def _NewChoicesSection(name, choices):
  name_formatted = formatting.Bold(formatting.Underline(name))
  return _CreateItem(
      f'{name_formatted} is one of the following:',
      '\n' + '\n\n'.join(choices),
      indent=1)


def UsageText(component, trace=None, verbose=False):
  """Returns usage text for the given component.

  Args:
    component: The component to determine the usage text for.
    trace: The Fire trace object containing all metadata of current execution.
    verbose: Whether to display the usage text in verbose mode.

  Returns:
    String suitable for display in an error screen.
  """
  # Get the command so far:
  if trace:
    command = trace.GetCommand()
    needs_separating_hyphen_hyphen = trace.NeedsSeparatingHyphenHyphen()
  else:
    command = None
    needs_separating_hyphen_hyphen = False

  if not command:
    command = ''

  # Build the continuations for the command:
  continued_command = command

  spec = inspectutils.GetFullArgSpec(component)
  metadata = decorators.GetMetadata(component)

  # Usage for objects.
  actions_grouped_by_kind = _GetActionsGroupedByKind(component, verbose=verbose)
  possible_actions = _GetPossibleActions(actions_grouped_by_kind)

  continuations = []
  if possible_actions:
    continuations.append(_GetPossibleActionsUsageString(possible_actions))

  availability_lines = _UsageAvailabilityLines(actions_grouped_by_kind)

  if callable(component):
    callable_items = _GetCallableUsageItems(spec, metadata)
    if callable_items:
      continuations.append(' '.join(callable_items))
    elif trace:
      continuations.append(trace.separator)
    availability_lines.extend(_GetCallableAvailabilityLines(spec))

  if continuations:
    continued_command += ' ' + ' | '.join(continuations)
  help_command = (
      command
      + (' -- ' if needs_separating_hyphen_hyphen else ' ')
      + '--help'
  )

  return f"""Usage: {continued_command}
{''.join(availability_lines)}
For detailed information on this command, run:
  {help_command}"""


def _GetPossibleActionsUsageString(possible_actions):
  if possible_actions:
    actions_str = '|'.join(possible_actions)
    return f'<{actions_str}>'
  return None


def _UsageAvailabilityLines(actions_grouped_by_kind):
  availability_lines = []
  for action_group in actions_grouped_by_kind:
    if action_group.members:
      availability_line = _CreateAvailabilityLine(
          header=f'available {action_group.plural}:',
          items=action_group.names
      )
      availability_lines.append(availability_line)
  return availability_lines


def _GetCallableUsageItems(spec, metadata):
  """A list of elements that comprise the usage summary for a callable."""
  args_with_no_defaults = spec.args[:len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults)]
  args_with_defaults = spec.args[len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults):]

  # Check if positional args are allowed. If not, show flag syntax for args.
  accepts_positional_args = metadata.get(decorators.ACCEPTS_POSITIONAL_ARGS)

  if not accepts_positional_args:
    items = [f'--{arg}={arg.upper()}'
             for arg in args_with_no_defaults]
  else:
    items = [arg.upper() for arg in args_with_no_defaults]

  # If there are any arguments that are treated as flags:
  if args_with_defaults or spec.kwonlyargs or spec.varkw:
    items.append('<flags>')

  if spec.varargs:
    items.append(f'[{spec.varargs.upper()}]...')

  return items


def _KeywordOnlyArguments(spec, required=True):
  return (flag for flag in spec.kwonlyargs
          if required != (flag in spec.kwonlydefaults))


def _GetCallableAvailabilityLines(spec):
  """The list of availability lines for a callable for use in a usage string."""
  args_with_defaults = spec.args[len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults):]

  # TODO(dbieber): Handle args_with_no_defaults if not accepts_positional_args.
  optional_flags = [f'--{flag}' for flag in itertools.chain(
      args_with_defaults, _KeywordOnlyArguments(spec, required=False))]
  required_flags = [
      f'--{flag}' for flag in _KeywordOnlyArguments(spec, required=True)
  ]

  # Flags section:
  availability_lines = []
  if optional_flags:
    availability_lines.append(
        _CreateAvailabilityLine(header='optional flags:', items=optional_flags,
                                header_indent=2))
  if required_flags:
    availability_lines.append(
        _CreateAvailabilityLine(header='required flags:', items=required_flags,
                                header_indent=2))
  if spec.varkw:
    additional_flags = ('additional flags are accepted'
                        if optional_flags or required_flags else
                        'flags are accepted')
    availability_lines.append(
        _CreateAvailabilityLine(header=additional_flags, items=[],
                                header_indent=2))
  return availability_lines


def _CreateAvailabilityLine(header, items,
                            header_indent=2, items_indent=25,
                            line_length=LINE_LENGTH):
  items_width = line_length - items_indent
  items_text = '\n'.join(formatting.WrappedJoin(items, width=items_width))
  indented_items_text = formatting.Indent(items_text, spaces=items_indent)
  indented_header = formatting.Indent(header, spaces=header_indent)
  return indented_header + indented_items_text[len(indented_header):] + '\n'


class ActionGroup:
  """A group of actions of the same kind."""

  def __init__(self, name, plural):
    self.name = name
    self.plural = plural
    self.names = []
    self.members = []

  def Add(self, name, member=None):
    self.names.append(name)
    self.members.append(member)

  def GetItems(self):
    return zip(self.names, self.members)