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## Contents
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  * [ (Top) ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#>)
  * [ 1 Composition ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Composition>) Toggle Composition subsection
    * [ 1.1 Bacteria ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Bacteria>)
    * [ 1.2 Fungi ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Fungi>)
    * [ 1.3 Archaea ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Archaea>)
    * [ 1.4 Organic matter ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Organic_matter>)
  * [ 2 Mechanisms ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Mechanisms>)
  * [ 3 Benefits ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Benefits>)
  * [ 4 Future Research ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Future_Research>)
  * [ 5 See also ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#See_also>)
  * [ 6 References ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#References>)


Toggle the table of contents
# Biofertilizer
16 languages
  * [অসমীয়া](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0> "জীৱাণুসাৰ – Assamese")
  * [Català](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofertilitzant> "Biofertilitzant – Catalan")
  * [Dansk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biog%C3%B8dning> "Biogødning – Danish")
  * [Deutsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biod%C3%BCnger> "Biodünger – German")
  * [Eesti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biov%C3%A4etis> "Bioväetis – Estonian")
  * [فارسی](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C> "کود زیستی – Persian")
  * [Français](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofertilisant> "Biofertilisant – French")
  * [Galego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofertilizante> "Biofertilizante – Galician")
  * [हिन्दी](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_\(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0\)> "जैव उर्वरक \(बायोफर्टिलाइजर\) – Hindi")
  * [Igbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5_osisi_na-eme_ka_ihe_nd%E1%BB%8B_d%E1%BB%8B_nd%E1%BB%A5> "Mkpụrụ osisi na-eme ka ihe ndị dị ndụ – Igbo")
  * [Bahasa Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupuk_mikrobiologis> "Pupuk mikrobiologis – Indonesian")
  * [मराठी](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87> "जैविक खते – Marathi")
  * [Português](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofertilizante> "Biofertilizante – Portuguese")
  * [Русский](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F> "Биоудобрения – Russian")
  * [தமிழ்](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D> "உயிர் உரம் – Tamil")
  * [Türkçe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyog%C3%BCbre> "Biyogübre – Turkish")


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Substance with micro-organisms
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg>)| This article **needs additional or more specific[categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization> "Wikipedia:Categorization")**. Please [help out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit>) by [adding categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#How_do_I_add_an_article_to_a_category?> "Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization") to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. _( March 2025)_  
---|---  
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blue-green_algae_cultured_in_specific_media.jpg/250px-Blue-green_algae_cultured_in_specific_media.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Blue-green_algae_cultured_in_specific_media.jpg>)[Blue-green algae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Blue-green_Algae> "Blue-green Algae") cultured in specific media. Blue-green algae can be helpful in agriculture as they have the capability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to soil. This nitrogen is helpful to the crops. Blue-green algae is used as a biofertilizer.
A **biofertilizer** is a substance containing living [micro-organisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Micro-organism> "Micro-organism") which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the [rhizosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rhizosphere> "Rhizosphere") or the interior of the [plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Plant> "Plant") and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary [nutrients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nutrient> "Nutrient") to the host plant.[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-vessey2003-1>) Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of [nitrogen fixation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nitrogen_fixation> "Nitrogen fixation"), solubilizing [phosphorus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Phosphorus> "Phosphorus"), and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. The micro-organisms in biofertilizers restore the soil's natural [nutrient cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nutrient_cycle> "Nutrient cycle") and build [soil organic matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Soil_organic_matter> "Soil organic matter"). Through the use of biofertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. Biofertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of synthetic [fertilizers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fertilizer> "Fertilizer") and [pesticides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pesticide> "Pesticide"), but they are not yet able to replace their use. As of 2024, more than 340 biofertilizer products have been approved for commercial use in the US.[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-2>)
## Composition
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit&section=1> "Edit section: Composition")]
Biofertilizers provide "[eco-friendly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Environmentally_friendly> "Environmentally friendly")" organic agro-inputs. _[Rhizobium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rhizobium> "Rhizobium")_ , _[Azotobacter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Azotobacter> "Azotobacter")_ , _[Azospirillum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Azospirillum_brasilense> "Azospirillum brasilense")_ and [blue-green algae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Blue-green_algae> "Blue-green algae") (BGA) are perhaps the species with the longest history of use as biofertilizers. _[Rhizobium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rhizobium> "Rhizobium")_ inoculant is used for leguminous crops. _[Azotobacter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Azotobacter> "Azotobacter")_ can be used with crops like [wheat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wheat> "Wheat"), [maize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Maize> "Maize"), [mustard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mustard_plant> "Mustard plant"), [cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Cotton> "Cotton"), [potato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Potato> "Potato"), and other vegetable crops. _Azospirillum_ inoculations are recommended mainly for [sorghum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sorghum> "Sorghum"), [millets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Millets> "Millets"), [maize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Maize> "Maize"), [sugarcane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sugarcane> "Sugarcane"), and [wheat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wheat> "Wheat"). [Blue-green algae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Blue-green_algae> "Blue-green algae") belonging to the [cyanobacteria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Cyanobacteria> "Cyanobacteria") [genera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Genera> "Genera") _[Nostoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nostoc> "Nostoc")_ , _[Anabaena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anabaena> "Anabaena")_ , _Tolypothrix_ , and _[Aulosira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aulosira> "Aulosira")_ [fix atmospheric nitrogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nitrogen_fixation> "Nitrogen fixation") and are used as inoculants for [paddy crops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Paddy_field> "Paddy field") grown in both upland and lowland conditions. _[Anabaena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anabaena> "Anabaena")_ , in association with the water fern _[Azolla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Azolla> "Azolla")_ , can contribute nitrogen up to 60 kg/ha/season and can also enrich soils with organic matter.[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-3>)[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-4>) [Seaweeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Seaweed_fertilizer> "Seaweed fertilizer") are rich in various types of mineral elements (potassium, phosphorus, trace elements, etc.), hence they are extensively used as a form of manure replacement by people of coastal districts.[_[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_] Seaweed-fertilizer also helps in breaking down clays.[_[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_] _[Fucus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fucus> "Fucus")_ is used by Irish people as a biofertilizer on a large scale.[_[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_] In tropical countries, the bottom mud from dried-up ponds which contain abundant blue-green algae is regularly used as biofertilizer in fields.[_[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_]
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_root-like_Mycelium_of_a_fungus.jpg/250px-The_root-like_Mycelium_of_a_fungus.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:The_root-like_Mycelium_of_a_fungus.jpg>)[Mycorrhizal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mycorrhiza> "Mycorrhiza") fungi promote bioavailability of nutrients for plants
### Bacteria
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit&section=2> "Edit section: Bacteria")]
[Plant-Growth Promoting Microorganisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Plant-growth_promoting_rhizobacteria> "Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria"): 
  * _[Rhizobium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rhizobium> "Rhizobium")_ : Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by _Rhizobium_ with legumes contributes substantially to total nitrogen fixation. _Rhizobium_ inoculation is a well-known agronomic practice to ensure adequate nitrogen.[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-5>)[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-pmid20879835-6>) One of the most widespread species is _[R. leguminosarum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rhizobium_leguminosarum> "Rhizobium leguminosarum")._
  * _[Bradyrhizobium spp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bradyrhizobium> "Bradyrhizobium")_ (in particular _[Bradyrhizobium japonicum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bradyrhizobium_japonicum> "Bradyrhizobium japonicum")_).[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:1-7>)
  * _[Bacillus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bacillus> "Bacillus") spp._ (in particular _[B. amyloliquefaciens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bacillus_amyloliquefaciens> "Bacillus amyloliquefaciens"), [B. mojavensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bacillus_mojavensis> "Bacillus mojavensis"), [B. thuringiensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis> "Bacillus thuringiensis"), [B. licheniformis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bacillus_licheniformis> "Bacillus licheniformis")_, and _[B. subtilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bacillus_subtilis> "Bacillus subtilis")_).[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:1-7>)
  * _[Priestia megaterium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bacillus_megaterium> "Bacillus megaterium")_
  * _[Azotobacter spp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Azotobacter> "Azotobacter") ([A. chroococcum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Azotobacter_chroococcum> "Azotobacter chroococcum"), [A. vinelandii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Azotobacter_vinelandii> "Azotobacter vinelandii"))_[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-8>)
  * _[Pseudomonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pseudomonas> "Pseudomonas") ([P. fluorescens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pseudomonas_fluorescens> "Pseudomonas fluorescens"))_
  * _[Streptomyces sp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Streptomyces> "Streptomyces")_
  * _[Azospirilium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Azospirillum_brasilense> "Azospirillum brasilense")_
  * _[Streptomyces grisoflavus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Streptomyces_griseoflavus> "Streptomyces griseoflavus")_[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-9>)


### Fungi
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit&section=3> "Edit section: Fungi")]
[Mycorrhizal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mycorrhiza> "Mycorrhiza") fungi such as: 
  * [Glomus spp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Glomus_\(fungus\)#Agricultural_significance> "Glomus \(fungus\)")
  * _[Rhizophagus irregularis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rhizophagus_irregularis> "Rhizophagus irregularis")_
  * _[Gigaspora spp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gigasporaceae> "Gigasporaceae")._ (in particular _[G. margarita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gigaspora_margarita> "Gigaspora margarita")_)[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-10>)
  * _[Trichoderma spp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Trichoderma> "Trichoderma"). (such as [T. viride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Trichoderma_viride> "Trichoderma viride"), [T. harzianum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Trichoderma_harzianum> "Trichoderma harzianum"), [T. reesei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Trichoderma_reesei> "Trichoderma reesei"), [T. longibrachiatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Trichoderma_longibrachiatum> "Trichoderma longibrachiatum"), [T. atroviride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Trichoderma_atroviride> "Trichoderma atroviride"), [T. koningii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Trichoderma_koningii> "Trichoderma koningii"))_
  * _[Epichloë spp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Epichlo%C3%AB> "Epichloë")_

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vermikampost_belarus.jpg/250px-Vermikampost_belarus.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Vermikampost_belarus.jpg>)[Vermicompost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vermicompost> "Vermicompost")-[tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Compost#Compost_tea> "Compost") is often used in [organic farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Organic_farming> "Organic farming") as biofertilizer.
### Archaea
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit&section=4> "Edit section: Archaea")]
  * [Nitrososphaerota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nitrososphaerota> "Nitrososphaerota")[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:3-11>) (in particular _Nitrosocosmicus oleophilus_[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-12>))
  * [Euryarchaeota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Euryarchaeota> "Euryarchaeota")[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:3-11>)


### Organic matter
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit&section=5> "Edit section: Organic matter")]
  * [Compost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Compost> "Compost") is commonly used as biofertilizers. It can be used directly on the soil or by using compost-derived products such as extracts or [compost-tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Compost#Compost_tea> "Compost") made by fermenting compost mass. [Vermicompost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vermicompost> "Vermicompost")-based innoculants proposed by [permaculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Permaculture> "Permaculture") methods, [Korean natural farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Korean_natural_farming> "Korean natural farming") and JADAM[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-13>) are examples of biofertilizers. "Seed balls" using a mixture of clay and compost proposed by the [Fukuoka Method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Natural_farming> "Natural farming") could also be seen as biofertilizer. Mixtures of compost with other organic materials such as [Chitosan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chitosan> "Chitosan") (which helps [elicit plant defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Elicitor> "Elicitor")),[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-14>) or non-organic materials such as [Montmorillonite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Montmorillonite> "Montmorillonite")-[Illite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Illite> "Illite") clay and [Diatomaceous earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Diatomaceous_earth> "Diatomaceous earth") are also often used to increase the minerals to support organism growth.
  * [Manure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Organic_fertilizer#Animal_sources> "Organic fertilizer")
  * [Duckweed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lemnoideae> "Lemnoideae")[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-15>)

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ascophyllum_nodosum.jpg/250px-Ascophyllum_nodosum.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Ascophyllum_nodosum.jpg>)[Kelp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ascophyllum> "Ascophyllum") has very high nutrient density
[Seaweed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Seaweed_fertiliser> "Seaweed fertiliser") and [blue green algae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Blue_green_algae> "Blue green algae"): 
  * [Kelp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kelp> "Kelp") (in particular _[Ascophyllum nodosum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ascophyllum> "Ascophyllum")_)
  * _[Chlorella vulgaris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chlorella_vulgaris> "Chlorella vulgaris")_
  * _[Nannochloropsis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nannochloropsis> "Nannochloropsis")_
  * _[Scenedesmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Scenedesmus> "Scenedesmus")_

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Common_Duckweed_%28Lemna_minor%29%2C_Craigleith%2C_Edinburgh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5454611.jpg/250px-Common_Duckweed_%28Lemna_minor%29%2C_Craigleith%2C_Edinburgh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5454611.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Common_Duckweed_\(Lemna_minor\),_Craigleith,_Edinburgh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5454611.jpg>)[Duckweed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lemnoideae> "Lemnoideae") has been studied as a biofertilizer
[Cyanobacteria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Cyanobacteria> "Cyanobacteria"): 
  * [Spirulina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arthrospira_platensis> "Arthrospira platensis")[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-16>)
  * _[Nostoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nostoc> "Nostoc")_
  * _[Tolypothrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tolypothrichaceae> "Tolypothrichaceae")_
  * _[Aulosira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aulosira> "Aulosira")_
  * [Anabena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anabaena> "Anabaena")


## Mechanisms
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit&section=6> "Edit section: Mechanisms")]
Biofertilizers work through multiple mechanisms. [Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Plant-growth_promoting_rhizobacteria> "Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria") (PGPR) and [mycorrhizae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mycorrhizae> "Mycorrhizae") are generally thought to increase the [fixation of atmospheric nitrogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nitrogen_fixation> "Nitrogen fixation"),[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-17>) convert inorganic [phosphorus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Phosphorus> "Phosphorus") compounds into soluble forms, increase the [bioavailability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bioavailability> "Bioavailability") of minerals in the soil,[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-18>) and synthesize [phytohormones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Plant_hormone> "Plant hormone") that promote growth, such as [auxins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Auxin> "Auxin") and [gibberellin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gibberellin> "Gibberellin").[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:1-7>)[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:3-11>) Another mechanism proposed is the [AAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic_acid> "1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid")-[deaminase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Deamination> "Deamination") production of _[Bacillus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bacillus> "Bacillus")_ species, which prevents excessive increases in the synthesis of [ethylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ethylene> "Ethylene") under various stress conditions.[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-19>)
## Benefits
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit&section=7> "Edit section: Benefits")]
Biofertilizers are cost-effective and ecofriendly in nature, and their continuous usage has been shown to enhance soil fertility.[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:2-20>) Besides promoting growth by multiple [mechanisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Mechanisms>), biofertilizers produces substances suppressing [phytopathogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Plant_disease> "Plant disease"), guarding plants from abiotic and biotic stresses and detoxification of belowground [pollutants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal#Environment> "Toxic heavy metal").[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-21>) Extensive use of [agrochemicals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agrochemical> "Agrochemical") in agricultural practices has been found to cause environmental disturbances and public health hazards affecting food security and sustainability in agriculture.[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-22>) Biofertilizers offers an alternative solution for such agrochemicals, and show yield increase of up to about 10–40% by increasing protein contents, essential amino acids, and vitamins, and by nitrogen fixation.[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:2-20>)
Since a bio-fertilizer is technically living, it can [symbiotically](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Symbiotic> "Symbiotic") associate with plant roots. Involved microorganisms could readily and safely convert complex organic material into simple compounds, so that they are easily taken up by the plants. Microorganism function is in long duration, causing improvement of the soil fertility. It maintains the natural habitat of the soil. It increases crop yield by 20-30%, replaces chemical [nitrogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nitrogen> "Nitrogen") and [phosphorus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Phosphorus> "Phosphorus") by 30%, and stimulates plant growth. It can also provide protection against drought and some soil-borne diseases. It has also been shown that to produce a larger quantity of crops, biofertilizers with the ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilizing would lead to the greatest possible effect.[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:0-23>) They advance shoot and root growth of many crops versus control groups.[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-24>) This can be important when implementing new seed growth. 
## Future Research
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit&section=8> "Edit section: Future Research")]
Biofertilizers have been shown to have varying effects in different environments,[[25]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-25>) and even within the same environment. This is something that many scientists have been working on, however there is no perfect solution at this time. They however, have been shown to have the most profound effects in drier climates.[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:0-23>) In the future, it is hoped that biofertilizers effects will be better controlled and regulated in all environments, as well as analysis targeted at specific species. 
## See also
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit&section=9> "Edit section: See also")]
  * [Bioeffector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bioeffector> "Bioeffector")
  * [Endophyte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Endophyte> "Endophyte")
  * [Microbial inoculant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Microbial_inoculant> "Microbial inoculant")
  * [Rhizobacteria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rhizobacteria> "Rhizobacteria")
  * [Fertilizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fertilizer> "Fertilizer")
  * [Seaweed fertilizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Seaweed_fertilizer> "Seaweed fertilizer")


## References
[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</w/index.php?title=Biofertilizer&action=edit&section=10> "Edit section: References")]
  1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-vessey2003_1-0>)** Vessey, J. Kevin (2003). "Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers". _Plant and Soil_. **255** (2): 571–586. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\)> "Bibcode \(identifier\)"):[2003PlSoi.255..571V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PlSoi.255..571V>). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1023/A:1026037216893](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026037216893>). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\)> "S2CID \(identifier\)") [37031212](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37031212>).
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  4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-4>)** ["Archived copy"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20110718172735/http:/eprints.ru.ac.za/36/1/Kiguli.PDF>) (PDF). Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/eprints.ru.ac.za/36/1/Kiguli.PDF>) (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-05-03.`{{cite web[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:Cite_web> "Template:Cite web")}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title> "Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title"))
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  15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-15>)** Li, Jun; Otero-Gonzalez, Lila; Lens, Piet N.L.; Ferrer, Ivet; Du Laing, Gijs (December 2022). ["Assessment of selenium and zinc enriched sludge and duckweed as slow-release micronutrient biofertilizers for Phaseolus vulgaris growth"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116397>). _Journal of Environmental Management_. **324** : 116397. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\)> "Bibcode \(identifier\)"):[2022JEnvM.32416397L](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JEnvM.32416397L>). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116397](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2022.116397>). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\)> "Hdl \(identifier\)"):[2117/403700](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/hdl.handle.net/2117%2F403700>). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\)> "ISSN \(identifier\)") [0301-4797](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4797>). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMID_\(identifier\)> "PMID \(identifier\)") [36208519](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36208519>).
  16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-16>)** Xu, Qiyu; Zhu, Tao; Zhao, Ruifeng; Zhao, Yang; Duan, Yangkai; Liu, Xiang; Luan, Guodong; Hu, Ruibo; Tang, Sanyuan; Ma, Xinrong; Liu, Yan; Li, Shengjun; Lu, Xuefeng (2023-12-05). ["Arthrospira promotes plant growth and soil properties under high salinity environments"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10728656>). _Frontiers in Plant Science_. **14**. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.3389/fpls.2023.1293958](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2023.1293958>). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\)> "ISSN \(identifier\)") [1664-462X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-462X>). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMC_\(identifier\)> "PMC \(identifier\)") [10728656](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10728656>). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMID_\(identifier\)> "PMID \(identifier\)") [38116155](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38116155>).
  17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-17>)** Zakry, Fitri Abdul Aziz; Shamsuddin, Zulkifli H.; Abdul Rahim, Khairuddin; Zawawi Zakaria, Zin; Abdul Rahim, Anuar (2012). ["Inoculation of Bacillus sphaericus UPMB-10 to Young Oil Palm and Measurement of Its Uptake of Fixed Nitrogen Using the 15N Isotope Dilution Technique"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsme2/27/3/27_ME11309/_article>). _Microbes and Environments_. **27** (3): 257–262. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1264/jsme2.ME11309](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1264%2Fjsme2.ME11309>). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMC_\(identifier\)> "PMC \(identifier\)") [4036051](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4036051>). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMID_\(identifier\)> "PMID \(identifier\)") [22446306](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22446306>).
  18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-18>)** Riaz, Umair; Murtaza, Ghulam; Anum, Wajiha; Samreen, Tayyaba; Sarfraz, Muhammad; Nazir, Muhammad Zulqernain (2021), Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Dar, Gowhar Hamid; Mehmood, Mohammad Aneesul; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad (eds.), ["Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as Biofertilizers and Biopesticides"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48771-3_11>), _Microbiota and Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Continuum for Plant and Soil Health_ , Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 181–196, [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1007/978-3-030-48771-3_11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-48771-3_11>), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-3-030-48771-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-48771-3> "Special:BookSources/978-3-030-48771-3"), retrieved 2024-08-02
  19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-19>)** Orozco-Mosqueda, Ma. del Carmen; Glick, Bernard R.; Santoyo, Gustavo (2020-05-01). ["ACC deaminase in plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB): An efficient mechanism to counter salt stress in crops"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944501320300173>). _Microbiological Research_. **235** : 126439. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1016/j.micres.2020.126439](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.micres.2020.126439>). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\)> "ISSN \(identifier\)") [0944-5013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/search.worldcat.org/issn/0944-5013>). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMID_\(identifier\)> "PMID \(identifier\)") [32097862](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32097862>).
  20. ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:2_20-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:2_20-1>) Daniel, Augustine Innalegwu; Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun; Gokul, Arun; Bakare, Olalekan Olanrewaju; Aina, Omolola; Fisher, Stacey; Burt, Adam Frank; Mavumengwana, Vuyo; Keyster, Marshall; Klein, Ashwil (June 2022). ["Biofertilizer: The Future of Food Security and Food Safety"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9227430>). _Microorganisms_. **10** (6): 1220. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.3390/microorganisms10061220](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.3390%2Fmicroorganisms10061220>). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\)> "ISSN \(identifier\)") [2076-2607](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-2607>). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMC_\(identifier\)> "PMC \(identifier\)") [9227430](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9227430>). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMID_\(identifier\)> "PMID \(identifier\)") [35744738](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35744738>).
  21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-21>)** Mącik, Mateusz; Gryta, Agata; Frąc, Magdalena (2020), [_Biofertilizers in agriculture: An overview on concepts, strategies and effects on soil microorganisms_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2020.02.001>), Advances in Agronomy, vol. 162, Elsevier, pp. 31–87, [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1016/bs.agron.2020.02.001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.agron.2020.02.001>), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-12-820767-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-820767-3> "Special:BookSources/978-0-12-820767-3"), retrieved 2024-08-02
  22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-22>)** Punia, Abhay; Dehal, Lipsa; Chauhan, Nalini Singh (2023), Ogwu, Matthew Chidozie; Chibueze Izah, Sylvester (eds.), ["Evidence of the Toxic Potentials of Agrochemicals on Human Health and Biodiversity"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3439-3_4>), _One Health Implications of Agrochemicals and their Sustainable Alternatives_ , Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 105–135, [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1007/978-981-99-3439-3_4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-99-3439-3_4>), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-981-99-3439-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-99-3439-3> "Special:BookSources/978-981-99-3439-3"), retrieved 2024-08-02
  23. ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:0_23-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:0_23-1>) Schütz, Lukas; Gattinger, Andreas; Meier, Matthias; Müller, Adrian; Boller, Thomas; Mäder, Paul; Mathimaran, Natarajan (2018-01-12). ["Improving Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency via Biofertilization—A Global Meta-analysis"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5770357>). _Frontiers in Plant Science_. **8** : 2204. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.3389/fpls.2017.02204](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.02204>). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\)> "ISSN \(identifier\)") [1664-462X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-462X>). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMC_\(identifier\)> "PMC \(identifier\)") [5770357](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5770357>). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMID_\(identifier\)> "PMID \(identifier\)") [29375594](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29375594>).
  24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-24>)** Htwe, Aung Zaw; Moh, Seinn Moh; Soe, Khin Myat; Moe, Kyi; Yamakawa, Takeo (February 2019). ["Effects of Biofertilizer Produced from Bradyrhizobium and Streptomyces griseoflavus on Plant Growth, Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation, Nutrient Uptake, and Seed Yield of Mung Bean, Cowpea, and Soybean"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.3390%2Fagronomy9020077>). _Agronomy_. **9** (2): 77. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.3390/agronomy9020077](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.3390%2Fagronomy9020077>).
  25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-25>)** Brookshire, E. N. J.; Wurzburger, Nina; Currey, Bryce; Menge, Duncan N. L.; Oatham, Michael P.; Roberts, Carlton (20 May 2019). ["Symbiotic N fixation is sufficient to support net aboveground biomass accumulation in a humid tropical forest"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527854>). _Scientific Reports_. **9** (1): 7571. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\)> "Bibcode \(identifier\)"):[2019NatSR...9.7571B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...9.7571B>). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doi_\(identifier\)> "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1038/s41598-019-43962-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-43962-5>). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMC_\(identifier\)> "PMC \(identifier\)") [6527854](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527854>). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/PMID_\(identifier\)> "PMID \(identifier\)") [31110241](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31110241>).


  * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:Plant_nutrition> "Template:Plant nutrition")
  * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template_talk:Plant_nutrition> "Template talk:Plant nutrition")
  * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant_nutrition> "Special:EditPage/Template:Plant nutrition")

[Plant nutrition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Plant_nutrition> "Plant nutrition") / [Fertilizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fertilizer> "Fertilizer")  
---  
[Imbalances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Physiological_plant_disorder> "Physiological plant disorder")| 
  * [Boron deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Boron_deficiency_\(plant_disorder\)> "Boron deficiency \(plant disorder\)")
  * [Calcium deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Calcium_deficiency_\(plant_disorder\)> "Calcium deficiency \(plant disorder\)")
  * [Iron deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Iron_deficiency_\(plant_disorder\)> "Iron deficiency \(plant disorder\)")
  * [Magnesium deficiency#Plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Magnesium_deficiency#Plants> "Magnesium deficiency")
  * [Manganese deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Manganese_deficiency_\(plant\)> "Manganese deficiency \(plant\)")
  * [Molybdenum deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency_\(plant_disorder\)> "Molybdenum deficiency \(plant disorder\)")
  * [Nitrogen deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nitrogen_deficiency> "Nitrogen deficiency")
  * [Phosphorus deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Phosphorus_deficiency> "Phosphorus deficiency")
  * [Potassium deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Potassium_deficiency_\(plants\)> "Potassium deficiency \(plants\)")
  * [Zinc deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zinc_deficiency_\(plant_disorder\)> "Zinc deficiency \(plant disorder\)")
  * [Micronutrient deficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency> "Micronutrient deficiency")
  * [Chlorosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chlorosis> "Chlorosis")
  * [Fertilizer burn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fertilizer_burn> "Fertilizer burn")

  
Assimilation| 
  * [Nitrogen assimilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nitrogen_assimilation> "Nitrogen assimilation")
  * [Phosphorus assimilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Phosphate_solubilizing_bacteria> "Phosphate solubilizing bacteria")
  * [Sulfur assimilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sulfur_assimilation> "Sulfur assimilation")
  * Microbial assistance
  * [Photorespiration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Photorespiration> "Photorespiration")

  
Methods| 
  * [Fertigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fertigation> "Fertigation")
  * [Fertilizer tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fertilizer_tree> "Fertilizer tree")
  * [Green manure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Green_manure> "Green manure")
  * [Hoagland solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hoagland_solution> "Hoagland solution")
  * [Hydroponic dosers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hydroponic_dosers> "Hydroponic dosers")
  * [Living mulch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Living_mulch> "Living mulch")
  * [Nutrient budgeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nutrient_budgeting> "Nutrient budgeting")
  * [Nutrient management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nutrient_management> "Nutrient management")
  * [Organic fertilizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Organic_fertilizer> "Organic fertilizer")
  * [Plant tissue test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Plant_tissue_test> "Plant tissue test")
  * [Variable rate application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Variable_rate_application> "Variable rate application")
  * [Controlled-release fertiliser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Controlled-release_fertiliser> "Controlled-release fertiliser")

  
Miscellaneous| 
  * [Soil fertility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Soil_fertility> "Soil fertility")
  * [Nutrient pollution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nutrient_pollution> "Nutrient pollution")
  * [Soil pH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Soil_pH> "Soil pH")
  * [Agrobiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agrobiology> "Agrobiology")

  
Related concepts| 
  * [Algal nutrient solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Algal_nutrient_solutions> "Algal nutrient solutions")
  * [Biostimulant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Biostimulant> "Biostimulant")

  
[Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Help:Authority_control> "Help:Authority control"): National [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3595890#identifiers> "Edit this at Wikidata")| 
  * [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1149984&CON_LNG=ENG>)

  
---|---  
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[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Help:Category> "Help:Category"): 
  * [Organic fertilizers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Organic_fertilizers> "Category:Organic fertilizers")


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