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Toggle the table of contents
## Contents
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  * [ (Top) ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#>)
  * [ 1 Early life and education ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Early_life_and_education>)
  * [ 2 Career as a scientist ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Career_as_a_scientist>)
  * [ 3 Presidency ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Presidency>)
  * [ 4 Post-presidency ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Post-presidency>)
  * [ 5 Death ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Death>) Toggle Death subsection
    * [ 5.1 Aftermath ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Aftermath>)
  * [ 6 Personal life and interests ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Personal_life_and_interests>) Toggle Personal life and interests subsection
    * [ 6.1 Religious and spiritual views ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Religious_and_spiritual_views>)
  * [ 7 Writings ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Writings>)
  * [ 8 Awards and honours ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Awards_and_honours>)
  * [ 9 Legacy ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Legacy>)
  * [ 10 In popular culture ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#In_popular_culture>)
  * [ 11 See also ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#See_also>)
  * [ 12 References ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#References>)
  * [ 13 External links ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#External_links>)


# A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
85 languages
  * [العربية](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85> "أبو بكر زين العابدين عبد الكلام – Arabic")
  * [অসমীয়া](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE> "এ পি জে আব্দুল কালাম – Assamese")
  * [Asturianu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Asturian")
  * [अवधी](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE> "अब्दुल कलाम – Awadhi")
  * [বাংলা](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F._%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87._%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE> "এ. পি. জে. আবদুল কালাম – Bangla")
  * [Беларуская](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC> "Абдул Калам – Belarusian")
  * [भोजपुरी](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F._%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE> "ए. पी. जे. अब्दुल कलाम – Bhojpuri")
  * [Български](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC> "Абдул Калам – Bulgarian")
  * [Brezhoneg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Breton")
  * [Català](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Catalan")
  * [Čeština](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kal%C3%A1m> "Abdul Kalám – Czech")
  * [Dansk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Danish")
  * [Deutsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – German")
  * [ދިވެހިބަސް](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AD._%DE%95%DE%A9._%DE%96%DE%AD._%DE%A2%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%B0> "އޭ. ޕީ. ޖޭ. ޢަބްދުލްކަލާމް – Divehi")
  * [डोटेली](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE> "अब्दुल कलाम – Doteli")
  * [Eesti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Estonian")
  * [Ελληνικά](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC> "Αμπντούλ Καλάμ – Greek")
  * [Español](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Spanish")
  * [Esperanto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Esperanto")
  * [Euskara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Basque")
  * [فارسی](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85> "ابوبکر زین‌العابدین عبدالکلام – Persian")
  * [Français](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avul_Pakir_Jainulabdeen_Abdul_Kalam> "Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam – French")
  * [Galego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Galician")
  * [ગુજરાતી](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE> "અબ્દુલ કલામ – Gujarati")
  * [गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E._%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF._%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%86._%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82> "ಎ. ಪಿ. ಜೆ. ಅಬ್ದುಲ್ ಕಲಾಂ – Goan Konkani")
  * [한국어](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%91%98_%EC%B9%BC%EB%9E%8C> "압둘 칼람 – Korean")
  * [Hausa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam> "A.P.J. Abdul Kalam – Hausa")
  * [Հայերեն](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4> "Աբդուլ Քալամ – Armenian")
  * [हिन्दी](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE> "ए॰ पी॰ जे॰ अब्दुल कलाम – Hindi")
  * [Ido](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avul_Pakir_Jainulabdeen_Abdul_Kalam> "Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam – Ido")
  * [Bahasa Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Indonesian")
  * [Italiano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Italian")
  * [עברית](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D> "עבדול קאלאם – Hebrew")
  * [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E.%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF.%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%86.%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82> "ಎ.ಪಿ.ಜೆ.ಅಬ್ದುಲ್ ಕಲಾಂ – Kannada")
  * [ქართული](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98> "აბდულ ქალამი – Georgian")
  * [کٲشُر](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%92_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85> "اے پی جے عبدالکلام – Kashmiri")
  * [Қазақша](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC> "Абдул Калам – Kazakh")
  * [Kurdî](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Kurdish")
  * [Latina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/la.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Latin")
  * [Latviešu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abduls_Kal%C4%81ms> "Abduls Kalāms – Latvian")
  * [Lëtzebuergesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Luxembourgish")
  * [Lietuvių](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avul_Pakir_Jainulabdeen_Abdul_Kalam> "Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam – Lithuanian")
  * [मैथिली](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE> "अब्दुल कलाम – Maithili")
  * [Malagasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avul_Pakir_Jainulabdeen_Abdul_Kalam> "Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam – Malagasy")
  * [മലയാളം](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86._%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82> "എ.പി.ജെ. അബ്ദുൽ കലാം – Malayalam")
  * [मराठी](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F.%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE> "ए.पी.जे. अब्दुल कलाम – Marathi")
  * [مصرى](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85> "ابو بكر زين العابدين عبد الكلام – Egyptian Arabic")
  * [Bahasa Melayu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Malay")
  * [Nederlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Dutch")
  * [नेपाली](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE> "अब्दुल कलाम – Nepali")
  * [日本語](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0> "アブドゥル・カラーム – Japanese")
  * [Norsk bokmål](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Norwegian Bokmål")
  * [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8F._%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF._%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87._%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE> "ଏ. ପି. ଜେ. ଅବଦୁଲ କଲାମ – Odia")
  * [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Uzbek")
  * [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F._%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80._%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87._%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE> "ਏ. ਪੀ. ਜੇ. ਅਬਦੁਲ ਕਲਾਮ – Punjabi")
  * [پنجابی](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85> "عبدالکلام – Western Punjabi")
  * [پښتو](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85> "عبدالکلام – Pashto")
  * [Polski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam> "A.P.J. Abdul Kalam – Polish")
  * [Português](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Portuguese")
  * [Русский](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC> "Абдул Калам – Russian")
  * [संस्कृतम्](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D> "ए पि जे अब्दुल् कलाम् – Sanskrit")
  * [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2> "ᱚᱵᱽᱫᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱞᱟᱢ – Santali")
  * [Scots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Scots")
  * [Shqip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Albanian")
  * [සිංහල](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%92._%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93._%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A._%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A> "ඒ. පී. ජේ. අබ්දුල් කලාම් – Sinhala")
  * [Simple English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Simple English")
  * [Slovenčina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_B%C3%A1kir_Zainul%C3%A1bid%C3%ADn_Abdul_Kal%C3%A1m> "Abul Bákir Zainulábidín Abdul Kalám – Slovak")
  * [کوردی](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85> "ئەبووبەکر زەینەلعابدین عەبدولکەلام – Central Kurdish")
  * [Српски / srpski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC> "Абдул Калам – Serbian")
  * [Suomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Finnish")
  * [Svenska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam> "Abdul Kalam – Swedish")
  * [தமிழ்](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86._%E0%AE%AA._%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86._%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D> "ஆ. ப. ஜெ. அப்துல் கலாம் – Tamil")
  * [తెలుగు](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8F.%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF.%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86._%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D> "ఏ.పి.జె. అబ్దుల్ కలామ్ – Telugu")
  * [ไทย](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1> "อับดุล กลาม – Thai")
  * [Тоҷикӣ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC> "Абубакр Зайналобиддин Абдулкалом – Tajik")
  * [ತುಳು](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82> "ಎ ಪಿ ಜೆ ಅಬ್ದುಲ್ ಕಲಾಂ – Tulu")
  * [Türkçe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebubekir_Zeynelabidin_Abd%C3%BClkelam> "Ebubekir Zeynelabidin Abdülkelam – Turkish")
  * [Українська](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC> "Абдул Калам – Ukrainian")
  * [اردو](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85> "عبد الکلام – Urdu")
  * [Tiếng Việt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Vietnamese")
  * [吴语](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86> "阿卜杜尔·卡拉姆 – Wu")
  * [Yorùbá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Yoruba")
  * [粵語](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9D%9C%E5%8D%A1%E8%98%AD> "阿杜卡蘭 – Cantonese")
  * [Zazaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – Dimli")
  * [中文](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86> "阿卜杜尔·卡拉姆 – Chinese")


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
President of India from 2002 to 2007
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam  
---  
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam.jpg/250px-A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam.jpg>)Official portrait c. 2002  
[President of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/President_of_India> "President of India")  
**In office** 25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007  
Prime Minister| [Atal Bihari Vajpayee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee> "Atal Bihari Vajpayee")[Manmohan Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Manmohan_Singh> "Manmohan Singh")  
[Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vice_President_of_India> "Vice President of India")| [Krishan Kant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Krishan_Kant> "Krishan Kant")[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat> "Bhairon Singh Shekhawat")  
Preceded by| [K. R. Narayanan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._R._Narayanan> "K. R. Narayanan")  
Succeeded by| [Pratibha Patil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pratibha_Patil> "Pratibha Patil")  
[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Principal_Scientific_Adviser_to_the_Government_of_India> "Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India")  
**In office** November 1999 – November 2001  
President| K. R. Narayanan  
Prime Minister| Atal Bihari Vajpayee  
Preceded by|  _Office established_  
Succeeded by| [Rajagopala Chidambaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram> "Rajagopala Chidambaram")  
Director General of [Defence Research and Development Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation> "Defence Research and Development Organisation")  
**In office** 1992–1999  
Preceded by| [Raja Ramanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Raja_Ramanna> "Raja Ramanna")  
Succeeded by| [Vasudev Kalkunte Aatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vasudev_Kalkunte_Aatre> "Vasudev Kalkunte Aatre")  
Personal details  
Born| (1931-10-15)15 October 1931[Rameswaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rameswaram> "Rameswaram"), [Madras Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Madras_Presidency> "Madras Presidency"), [British India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/British_Raj> "British Raj") (present day [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tamil_Nadu> "Tamil Nadu"), India)  
Died| 27 July 2015(2015-07-27) (aged 83)[Shillong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Shillong> "Shillong"), [Meghalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Meghalaya> "Meghalaya"), India  
Resting place| [Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_Memorial> "Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial"), Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India  
Political party| [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Independent_politician> "Independent politician")[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-1>)  
[Alma mater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Alma_mater> "Alma mater")| 
  * [St. Joseph's College](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College,_Tiruchirappalli> "St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli") ([BEng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/BEng> "BEng"))
  * [Madras Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Technology> "Madras Institute of Technology") ([MEng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/MEng> "MEng"))

  
Profession| 
  * [Aerospace Scientist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aerospace_engineering> "Aerospace engineering")
  * [Author](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Author> "Author")

  
Awards| [List of awards and honours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")  
Notable work(s)| 
  * _[Wings of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wings_of_Fire_\(autobiography\)> "Wings of Fire \(autobiography\)")_
  * _[India 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_2020> "India 2020")_
  * _[Ignited Minds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ignited_Minds> "Ignited Minds")_
  * _[Indomitable Spirit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indomitable_Spirit> "Indomitable Spirit")_
  * _[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Transcendence:_My_Spiritual_Experiences_with_Pramukh_Swamiji> "Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji")_

  
**Scientific career**  
Honours| [Padma Bhushan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Padma_Bhushan> "Padma Bhushan") (1981)[Padma Vibhushan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Padma_Vibhushan> "Padma Vibhushan") (1990)[Bharat Ratna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bharat_Ratna> "Bharat Ratna") (1997)  
Fields| [Aerospace engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aerospace_engineering> "Aerospace engineering")  
Institutions| 
  * [Defence Research and Development Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation> "Defence Research and Development Organisation")
  * [Indian Space Research Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation> "Indian Space Research Organisation")

  
Website| [A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/kalamcentre.com>)  
Signature  
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_signature.svg/250px-A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_signature.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_signature.svg>)  
**Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam** ([/ˈʌbdʊlkəˈlɑːm/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Help:IPA/English> "Help:IPA/English") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/En-us-A.p.j._Abdul_Kalam_from_India_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg/En-us-A.p.j._Abdul_Kalam_from_India_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3> "Play audio")[ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:En-us-A.p.j._Abdul_Kalam_from_India_pronunciation_\(Voice_of_America\).ogg> "File:En-us-A.p.j. Abdul Kalam from India pronunciation \(Voice of America\).ogg") [_UB -duul kə-LAHM_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key> "Help:Pronunciation respelling key"); 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian [aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aerospace_engineering> "Aerospace engineering") scientist and statesman who served as the [president of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/President_of_India> "President of India") from 2002 to 2007. 
Born and raised in a Muslim family in [Rameswaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rameswaram> "Rameswaram"), [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tamil_Nadu> "Tamil Nadu"), Kalam studied [physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Physics> "Physics") and [aerospace engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aerospace_engineering> "Aerospace engineering"). He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the [Defence Research and Development Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation> "Defence Research and Development Organisation") (DRDO) and [Indian Space Research Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation> "Indian Space Research Organisation") (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military [missile development efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Integrated_Guided_Missile_Development_Program> "Integrated Guided Missile Development Program"). He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of [ballistic missile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ballistic_missile> "Ballistic missile") and [launch vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Launch_vehicle> "Launch vehicle") technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in _[Pokhran-II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pokhran-II> "Pokhran-II")_ nuclear tests in 1998, India's second such test after the [first test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Smiling_Buddha> "Smiling Buddha") in 1974. 
Kalam [was elected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2002_Indian_presidential_election> "2002 Indian presidential election") as the [president of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/President_of_India> "President of India") in 2002 with the support of both the ruling [Bharatiya Janata Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party> "Bharatiya Janata Party") and the then-opposition [Indian National Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_National_Congress> "Indian National Congress"). He was widely referred to as the "People's President". He engaged in teaching, writing and public service after his presidency. He was a recipient of several awards, including the [Bharat Ratna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bharat_Ratna> "Bharat Ratna"), India's highest civilian honour. 
While delivering a lecture at [IIM Shillong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Shillong> "Indian Institute of Management Shillong"), Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent [cardiac arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Cardiac_arrest> "Cardiac arrest") on 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with [full state honours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/21-gun_salute> "21-gun salute"). A [memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dr._A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_Memorial> "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial") was inaugurated near his home town in 2017. 
## Early life and education
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a [Tamil Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tamil_Muslim> "Tamil Muslim") family in the pilgrimage center of [Rameswaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rameswaram> "Rameswaram") on [Pamban Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pamban_Island> "Pamban Island"), [Madras Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Madras_Presidency> "Madras Presidency") (now in the [Indian state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India> "States and union territories of India") of [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tamil_Nadu> "Tamil Nadu")).[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-KalamTiwari1999-2>)[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-PIB01march12-3>) His father, Jainulabdeen Marakayar, was a boat owner and [imam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Imam> "Imam") of a local mosque,[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-IT-4>) and his mother, Ashiamma, was a housewife.[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-5>)[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Jai2003-6>) His father owned a boat that ferried [Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hindu> "Hindu") pilgrims between Rameswaram and [Dhanushkodi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dhanushkodi> "Dhanushkodi").[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-7>)[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-8>)
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/House_of_Abdul_Kalam.jpg/250px-House_of_Abdul_Kalam.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:House_of_Abdul_Kalam.jpg>)Kalam's birthplace in [Rameswaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rameswaram> "Rameswaram"), [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tamil_Nadu> "Tamil Nadu") | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam.jpg/120px-A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam.jpg>) | This article is part ofa series aboutA. P. J. Abdul Kalam  
---|---  
[Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Presidency_of_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")(2002–2007)
  * [Presidential elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Indian_presidential_elections> "List of Indian presidential elections")
    * [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2002_Indian_presidential_election> "2002 Indian presidential election")


  * [Awards and honours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "List of awards and honours received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
  * [Eponyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_things_named_after_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
  * [Death and state funeral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "Death and state funeral of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
  * [Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dr._A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_Memorial> "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial")
  * [World Students' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/World_Students%27_Day> "World Students' Day")

**[Books and publications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_bibliography> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam bibliography")**
  * [Wings of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wings_of_Fire_\(autobiography\)> "Wings of Fire \(autobiography\)")
  * [India 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_2020> "India 2020")
  * [Ignited Minds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ignited_Minds> "Ignited Minds")
  * [Target 3 Billion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Target_3_Billion> "Target 3 Billion")
  * [Transcendence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Transcendence:_My_Spiritual_Experiences_with_Pramukh_Swamiji> "Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji")
  * [Indomitable Spirit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indomitable_Spirit> "Indomitable Spirit")

**Associated projects**
  * [Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Integrated_Guided_Missile_Development_Programme> "Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme")
  * [Pokhran-II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pokhran-II> "Pokhran-II")
  * [Project Devil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Project_Devil> "Project Devil")
  * [Project Valiant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Project_Valiant> "Project Valiant")
  * [Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle> "Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle")
  * [Satellite Launch Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle> "Satellite Launch Vehicle")
  * [Smiling Buddha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Smiling_Buddha> "Smiling Buddha")

  
[**Gallery** : Picture, Sound, Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "commons:Category: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")  
  * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_series> "Template:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam series")
  * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template_talk:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_series> "Template talk:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam series")
  * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_series> "Special:EditPage/Template:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam series")

  
Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and a sister in the family.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-9>)[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-10>)[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-11>) His ancestors had been wealthy [Marakayar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Marakkar> "Marakkar") traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Marakayar are a [Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Muslim> "Muslim") ethnic group found in coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descent from [Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arab> "Arab") traders and local women. The family business had involved trading goods and transporting passengers between the Indian mainland and the Pamban Island and to and from Sri Lanka. With the opening of the [Pamban Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pamban_Bridge> "Pamban Bridge") connecting Pamban Island to mainland India in 1914, the businesses failed. As a result, apart from the ancestral home, the other family fortune and properties were lost by the 1920s, and the family was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was born. As a young boy, he delivered newspapers to support the family's meager income.[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-12>)[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-SharmaDas2004-13>)[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-visit-14>)
In his school years, Kalam got average grades but was described by his teachers as a bright and hardworking student with a strong desire to learn. He spent hours learning [Mathematics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mathematics> "Mathematics").[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-visit-14>) He did his schooling at Schwartz Higher Secondary School in [Ramanathapuram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ramanathapuram> "Ramanathapuram").[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-15>) He then graduated in [Physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Physics> "Physics") from [St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College,_Tiruchirappalli> "St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli"), in 1954.[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-16>)
Kalam moved to Madras in 1955 to study [aerospace engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aerospace_engineering> "Aerospace engineering") at the [Madras Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Technology> "Madras Institute of Technology").[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-PIB01march12-3>) While he was working on a class project, the Dean of the institution was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline."[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-17>) Later, he narrowly missed out on his dream of becoming a [fighter pilot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fighter_pilot> "Fighter pilot"), as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the [Indian Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Air_Force> "Indian Air Force").[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-18>)
## Career as a scientist
> This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers—Dr [Vikram Sarabhai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai> "Vikram Sarabhai"), Prof [Satish Dhawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satish_Dhawan> "Satish Dhawan") and Dr [Brahm Prakash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Brahm_Prakash> "Brahm Prakash"). This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me. 
Abdul Kalam[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-nic-19>)
After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam became a member of the [Defence Research & Development Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Defence_Research_%26_Development_Service> "Defence Research & Development Service") and joined the [Aeronautical Development Establishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aeronautical_Development_Establishment> "Aeronautical Development Establishment") of the [Defence Research and Development Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation> "Defence Research and Development Organisation") (DRDO) as a scientist. During his early career, he was involved in the design of small [hovercraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hovercraft> "Hovercraft"), and remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Sumita_Vaid_Dixit-20>) Later, he joined the [Indian National Committee for Space Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_National_Committee_for_Space_Research> "Indian National Committee for Space Research"), working under renowned space scientist [Vikram Sarabhai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai> "Vikram Sarabhai").[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-PIB01march12-3>) He was interviewed and recruited into [Indian Space Research Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation> "Indian Space Research Organisation") (ISRO) by [H. G. S. Murthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/H._G._S._Murthy> "H. G. S. Murthy"), the first director of the [Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station> "Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station").[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-21>)
In 1969, Kalam transferred to ISRO where he became the project director of India's first [satellite launch vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satellite_launch_vehicle> "Satellite launch vehicle") (SLV) which successfully deployed the [Rohini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rohini_\(satellite\)> "Rohini \(satellite\)") satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980. He had earlier started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Britannica-22>) In 1969, Kalam received the approval from the [Government of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Government_of_India> "Government of India") to expand the programme to include more engineers.[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-nic-19>) In 1963–64, he visited [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/NASA> "NASA")'s [Langley Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Langley_Research_Center> "Langley Research Center") in [Hampton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hampton,_Virginia> "Hampton, Virginia"), [Goddard Space Flight Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center> "Goddard Space Flight Center") in [Greenbelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Greenbelt,_Maryland> "Greenbelt, Maryland"), and [Wallops Flight Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility> "Wallops Flight Facility").[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-KalamTiwari1999-2>)[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Inc.1989-23>) Since the late 1970s, Kalam was part of the effort to develop the [SLV-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle> "Satellite Launch Vehicle") and [Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle> "Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle") (PSLV), both of which were successful.[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-24>)[[25]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-25>)
In May 1974, Kalam was invited by [Raja Ramanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Raja_Ramanna> "Raja Ramanna") to witness the country's first nuclear test _[Smiling Buddha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Smiling_Buddha> "Smiling Buddha")_ as the representative of [Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Terminal_Ballistics_Research_Laboratory> "Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory"), even though he was officially not part of the project.[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Facts-26>) In the 1970s, Kalam directed two projects, _[Project Devil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Project_Devil> "Project Devil")_ and _[Project Valiant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Project_Valiant> "Project Valiant")_ , which sought to develop [ballistic missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ballistic_missiles> "Ballistic missiles") using the technology from the successful SLV programme. Despite the disapproval of the [union cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers_of_India> "Union Council of Ministers of India"), then Prime Minister [Indira Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indira_Gandhi> "Indira Gandhi") allotted funds for these aerospace projects under Kalam's directorship through her discretionary powers. Kalam also played a major role in convincing the cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified projects. His research and leadership brought him recognition in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.[[27]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-27>)
Kalam worked with metallurgist [V. S. R. Arunachalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._S._R._Arunachalam> "V. S. R. Arunachalam"), who was then scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister [R. Venkataraman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/R._Venkataraman> "R. Venkataraman") on the simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-RV-28>) Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating ₹3.88 billion (equivalent to ₹66 billion or US$780 million in 2023) for the project titled [Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Integrated_Guided_Missile_Development_Programme> "Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme") (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as its chief executive.[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-RV-28>) Kalam played a major role in the development of missiles including [Agni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agni_missile> "Agni missile"), an intermediate range ballistic missile and [Prithvi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prithvi_missile> "Prithvi missile"), the tactical surface-to-surface missile, despite inflated costs and time overruns.[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-RV-28>)[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-IGMDP_Criticism-29>) He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of [ballistic missile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ballistic_missile> "Ballistic missile") and [launch vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Launch_vehicle> "Launch vehicle") technology.[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-30>)[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-31>)[[32]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-32>)
Kalam served as the chief scientific adviser to the prime minister and [secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Secretary_to_Government_of_India> "Secretary to Government of India") of the DRDO from July 1992 to December 1999. He played a key organisational, political and technical role in the _[Pokhran-II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pokhran-II> "Pokhran-II")_ nuclear tests conducted in May 1998.[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-33>) Along with [Rajagopala Chidambaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram> "Rajagopala Chidambaram"), he served as the chief project coordinator for the tests.[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-KalamTiwari1999-2>)[[34]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Conley2001-34>) Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-35>) However, the director of the site test, [K. Santhanam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._Santhanam> "K. Santhanam"), said that the [thermonuclear bomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Thermonuclear_bomb> "Thermonuclear bomb") had been a "[fizzle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fizzle_\(nuclear_test\)> "Fizzle \(nuclear test\)")" and criticised Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[[36]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-36>) The claim was refuted and rejected by Kalam and Chidambaram.[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-37>)
In 1998, Kalam worked with [cardiologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Cardiologist> "Cardiologist") [Bhupathiraju Somaraju](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhupathiraju_Somaraju> "Bhupathiraju Somaraju") and developed a low cost [coronary stent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Coronary_stent> "Coronary stent"), named the "Kalam-Raju stent".[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-38>)[[39]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-39>) In 2012, the duo designed a [tablet computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tablet_computer> "Tablet computer") named the "Kalam-Raju tablet" for usage by healthcare workers in rural areas.[[40]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-40>)
## Presidency
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_President_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_greeting_the_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_on_his_79th_birthday_in_New_Delhi_on_December_25%2C_2003.jpg/250px-The_President_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_greeting_the_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_on_his_79th_birthday_in_New_Delhi_on_December_25%2C_2003.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:The_President_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_greeting_the_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_on_his_79th_birthday_in_New_Delhi_on_December_25,_2003.jpg>)Kalam greeting then prime minister [Vajpayee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vajpayee> "Vajpayee") on 25 December 2003
On 10 June 2002, the [National Democratic Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_\(India\)> "National Democratic Alliance \(India\)") which was in power at the time, expressed its intention to nominate Kalam for the post of the [President of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/President_of_India> "President of India").[[41]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-41>)[[42]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-42>) His candidature was backed by the opposition parties including the [Samajwadi Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Samajwadi_Party> "Samajwadi Party") and the [Nationalist Congress Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party> "Nationalist Congress Party").[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-43>)[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-44>) After the support for Kalam, incumbent president [K. R. Narayanan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._R._Narayanan> "K. R. Narayanan") chose not to seek a re-election.[[45]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-45>) Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature: 
> I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture.[[46]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-46>)
On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the [Indian Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Parliament> "Indian Parliament"), accompanied by then prime minister [Atal Bihari Vajpayee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee> "Atal Bihari Vajpayee") and senior cabinet members.[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-47>) He faced off against [Lakshmi Sahgal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal> "Lakshmi Sahgal"), and the polling for the [presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2002_Indian_presidential_election> "2002 Indian presidential election") was held on 15 July 2002, in the Indian parliament and the state assemblies, with the media predicting a win for Kalam.[[48]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-48>) The counting was held on 18 July, and Kalam won the elections after securing 922,884 electoral votes as against the 107,366 votes won by Sahgal.[[49]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-49>) He was sworn in as the [11th president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_India> "List of Presidents of India") of India on 25 July 2002.[[50]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-50>)[[51]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-51>) He was the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy the top chair at [Rashtrapati Bhawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhawan> "Rashtrapati Bhawan").[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-52>)
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_authorizing_the_Prime_Minister_designate_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_to_form_the_next_Government_in_New_Delhi_on_May_19%2C_2004.jpg/250px-The_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_authorizing_the_Prime_Minister_designate_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_to_form_the_next_Government_in_New_Delhi_on_May_19%2C_2004.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:The_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_authorizing_the_Prime_Minister_designate_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_to_form_the_next_Government_in_New_Delhi_on_May_19,_2004.jpg>)Kalam with prime minister designate [Manmohan Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Manmohan_Singh> "Manmohan Singh") in New Delhi on 19 May 2004
During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the "People's President".[[53]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-53>)[[54]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-54>)[[55]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-55>)[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-56>) He later stated that signing the [Office of profit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Office_of_profit> "Office of profit") bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.[[57]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-57>)[[58]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-58>)[[59]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-59>) In September 2003, during an interactive session at [PGIMR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Post_Graduate_Institute_of_Medical_Education_and_Research> "Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research") in [Chandigarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandigarh> "Chandigarh"), Kalam asserted the need of [Uniform Civil Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Uniform_Civil_Code> "Uniform Civil Code") in India, keeping in view the population of the country.[[60]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-60>)[[61]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-61>) He also took a decision to impose [President's rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/President%27s_rule> "President's rule") in Bihar in 2005.[[62]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-62>) However, during his tenure as president, he made no decision on 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him to commute [death penalties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Death_penalties> "Death penalties"), including that of terrorist [Afzal Guru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Afzal_Guru> "Afzal Guru"), who was convicted of conspiracy in the [December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack> "2001 Indian Parliament attack") and was sentenced to death by the [Supreme Court of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India> "Supreme Court of India") in 2004.[[63]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-63>) He acted only on a single plea, rejecting that of [Dhananjoy Chatterjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dhananjoy_Chatterjee> "Dhananjoy Chatterjee"), who was later hanged.[[64]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-64>)
Towards the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the upcoming [presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2007_Indian_presidential_election> "2007 Indian presidential election").[[65]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-65>) His name was proposed by the [United National Progressive Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/United_National_Progressive_Alliance> "United National Progressive Alliance"), but he did receive the support of the ruling [United Progressive Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance> "United Progressive Alliance").[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-66>)[[67]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-67>) However, two days later, he decided not to contest the election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving the Rashtrapati Bhavan in the political processes.[[68]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-68>)
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_President%2C_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_addressing_the_nation_on_the_eve_of_58th_Republic_Day%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_25%2C_2007.jpg/250px-The_President%2C_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_addressing_the_nation_on_the_eve_of_58th_Republic_Day%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_25%2C_2007.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_addressing_the_nation_on_the_eve_of_58th_Republic_Day,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_25,_2007.jpg>)Kalam addressing the nation on the eve of the 58th Republic day in 2007
In April 2012, towards the expiry of the term of the 12th president [Pratibha Patil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pratibha_Patil> "Pratibha Patil"), media reports claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[[69]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-69>)[[70]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-70>)[[71]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-71>) After the reports, [social networking sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Social_networking_sites> "Social networking sites") witnessed a surge in posts supporting his candidature.[[72]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-72>)[[73]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-73>) While the ruling [Indian National Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_National_Congress> "Indian National Congress") opposed the nomination of Kalam,[[74]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-74>) other parties such as the [Bharatiya Janata Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party> "Bharatiya Janata Party") and the [Trinamool Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Trinamool_Congress> "Trinamool Congress") were reported by the media to be keen on his candidature.[[75]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-75>)[[76]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-76>)[[77]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-77>)[[78]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-78>) On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest stating that: 
> Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me.[[79]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-toirefused-79>)
## Post-presidency
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dr_A_P_J_Abdul_Kalam_addresses_the_14th_Convocation_ceremony_at_the_Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Guwahati.jpg/250px-Dr_A_P_J_Abdul_Kalam_addresses_the_14th_Convocation_ceremony_at_the_Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Guwahati.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Dr_A_P_J_Abdul_Kalam_addresses_the_14th_Convocation_ceremony_at_the_Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Guwahati.jpg>)Kalam addressing students at [IIT Guwahati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/IIT_Guwahati> "IIT Guwahati") in 2012
After leaving office, Kalam returned to teaching, and became a visiting professor at various institutions. He became a visiting professor at [IIM Shillong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Shillong> "Indian Institute of Management Shillong"),[[80]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-80>) an honorary professor at his alma mater [Anna University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anna_University> "Anna University") in Chennai,[[81]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-81>) and an honorary fellow of the [Indian Institute of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science> "Indian Institute of Science") at [Bengaluru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bengaluru> "Bengaluru").[[82]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-82>)[[83]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-83>) In September 2007, he became the first chancellor of the newly established [Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology> "Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology") at [Thiruvananthapuram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Thiruvananthapuram> "Thiruvananthapuram").[[84]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-84>) He also conducted lectures for management students in India,[[85]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-85>) and visited China twice at the invitation of the [Chinese government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chinese_government> "Chinese government") to conduct sessions at the [Peking University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Peking_University> "Peking University").[[86]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-86>)
In 2011, Kalam voiced his support towards the establishment of the [nuclear power plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Koodankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant> "Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant") at [Koodankulam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Koodankulam> "Koodankulam") in Tamil Nadu, giving assurances for the safety of the facility.[[87]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-87>) However, some of the locals were unconvinced by his statements on the safety of the plant, and were hostile to his visit.[[88]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-88>) In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme called _What Can I Give Movement_ aimed at the youth of India with a central theme of defeating corruption.[[89]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-89>)[[90]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-90>)
## Death
Main article: [Death and state funeral of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "Death and state funeral of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to [Shillong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Shillong> "Shillong") to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at IIM Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.[[91]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-91>)[[92]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-92>) At around 6:35 p.m. [IST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Standard_Time> "Indian Standard Time"), after five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.[[93]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-93>) He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition, and upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life. Despite being placed in the [intensive care unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Intensive_care_unit> "Intensive care unit"), he was confirmed dead of a sudden [cardiac arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Cardiac_arrest> "Cardiac arrest") at 7:45p.m.[[94]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-94>)[[95]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-95>) His purported last words to his aide [Srijan Pal Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Srijan_Pal_Singh> "Srijan Pal Singh") were: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"[[96]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-96>)
### Aftermath
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Front_view_of_APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Memorial_.jpg/250px-Front_view_of_APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Memorial_.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Front_view_of_APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Memorial_.jpg>)[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dr._A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_Memorial> "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial") at [Rameswaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rameswaram> "Rameswaram")
Following his death, the people of India paid tributes on social media.[[97]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-97>) The Government of India declared a seven-day [state mourning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_day_of_mourning> "National day of mourning") period as a mark of respect.[[98]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-98>) Various leaders from India and abroad condoled the death of Kalam.[[99]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-99>)[[100]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-100>)[[101]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-101>) Kalam's body was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July, where dignitaries including then president, vice president, and prime minister paid their last respects.[[102]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-102>) His body was placed in his Delhi residence for public viewing.[[103]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-103>) On 29 July, his body was flown to the town of [Mandapam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mandapam> "Mandapam") via [Madurai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Madurai> "Madurai"), and was carried towards his home town of Rameswaram by road. His body was displayed in an open area to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8p.m. that evening.[[104]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-104>)[[105]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-105>)[[106]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-106>) On 30 July 2015, following an [Islamic burial prayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Islamic_funeral> "Islamic funeral") performed by the local [imam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Imam> "Imam"),[[107]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-107>) he was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu ground with full state honours with over 350,000 people in attendance.[[108]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-108>)[[109]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-109>)
[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dr._A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_Memorial> "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial") was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu in Rameswaram.[[110]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-110>) It was inaugurated by then prime minister [Narendra Modi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Narendra_Modi> "Narendra Modi") in July 2017.[[111]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-111>)[[112]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-112>) The memorial displays replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with, and various acrylic paintings about his life. There is a large statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the [veena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Veena> "Veena"), and two other smaller statues in sitting and standing posture respectively.[[113]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-113>)
## Personal life and interests
[![Musical instrument veena enclosed in a glass casing](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Veena_played_by_APJ_Abdul_Kalam.jpg/250px-Veena_played_by_APJ_Abdul_Kalam.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Veena_played_by_APJ_Abdul_Kalam.jpg>)Kalam's veena on display at the [Rashtrapati Bhavan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan> "Rashtrapati Bhavan") museum in Delhi
Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra (d. 1997), followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Lebbai (5 November 1916–7 March 2021),[[114]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-114>)[[115]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-115>) Mustafa Kalam (d. 1999) and Kasim Mohammed (d. 1995).[[116]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Mid-116>) He was close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older siblings, though he himself remaining a lifelong [bachelor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bachelor> "Bachelor").[[116]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Mid-116>)[[117]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-integrity-117>)
Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.[[117]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-integrity-117>)[[118]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-118>) He was a [teetotaler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Teetotalism> "Teetotalism"),[[119]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-119>) and a [vegetarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vegetarian> "Vegetarian").[[120]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-120>) Kalam enjoyed writing [Tamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tamil_language> "Tamil language") poetry, playing the [veena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Veena> "Veena") (an Indian string instrument),[[121]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-121>) and listening to [Carnatic devotional music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Carnatic_music> "Carnatic music") every day.[[122]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-BBC-122>) He never owned a [television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Television> "Television"), and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7a.m. and sleeping by 2a.m.[[123]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-123>) His personal possessions included a few books, a [veena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Veena> "Veena"), clothing, a [compact disc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Compact_disc> "Compact disc") player and a [laptop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Laptop> "Laptop"). He left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother after his death.[[124]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-124>)[[125]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-125>)
Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999. He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available." His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-visit-14>) He had an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology such as developing [biomedical implants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Implant_\(medicine\)> "Implant \(medicine\)"). He also supported [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Open-source_software> "Open-source software") technology over [proprietary software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Proprietary_software> "Proprietary software"), predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people.[[126]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-126>)
### Religious and spiritual views
Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.[[127]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-127>) He was a practising [Sunni Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sunni_Muslim> "Sunni Muslim"), and daily [namaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Namaz> "Namaz") and fasting during [Ramadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ramadan> "Ramadan") were integral to his life.[[122]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-BBC-122>)[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-NDTV-128>) His father was an imam of a mosque, and had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children.[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-IT-4>) His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A. P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."[[129]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Pramukh-129>)[[130]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-130>) Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political leaders.[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-NDTV-128>) Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, and he remarked: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."[[131]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-131>)
One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the [syncretism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Syncretism> "Syncretism") he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India.[[122]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-BBC-122>)[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-NDTV-128>)[[132]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FP-132>) In addition to his faith in the [Quran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Quran> "Quran") and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions, learnt [Sanskrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sanskrit> "Sanskrit").[[133]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-133>)[[134]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-134>) and read the [Bhagavad Gita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhagavad_Gita> "Bhagavad Gita").[[135]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-135>)[[136]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-136>) In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming the president, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that "During the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... and I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country".[[132]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FP-132>) Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions, [Shashi Tharoor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Shashi_Tharoor> "Shashi Tharoor") remarked, "Kalam was a complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity".[[122]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-BBC-122>) Former [deputy prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India> "Deputy Prime Minister of India") [L. K. Advani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/L._K._Advani> "L. K. Advani") concurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity.[[137]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-137>)
Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders led him to meet [Pramukh Swami Maharaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pramukh_Swami_Maharaj> "Pramukh Swami Maharaj"), the Hindu guru of the [Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bochasanwasi_Shri_Akshar_Purushottam_Swaminarayan_Sanstha> "Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha") (BAPS), who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru.[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-NDTV-128>) Kalam and Pramukh Swami met eight times over a fourteen-year period and on his first meeting on 30 June 2001, Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity.[[129]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Pramukh-129>)[[138]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-138>) Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions, and recalled being moved by Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing his experiences as a book later.[[129]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Pramukh-129>) Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in eternity."[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-NDTV-128>)[[139]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-139>)
## Writings
Main article: [A. P. J. Abdul Kalam bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_bibliography> "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam bibliography")
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam.jpg/250px-A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam.jpg>)Kalam delivering a speech in 2010
Kalam has authored various books during his career, and his books have garnered interest in various countries.[[140]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-140>)
In his book _[India 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_2020> "India 2020")_ , he strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and a [developed nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Developed_nation> "Developed nation") by 2020. He regarded his work on India's [nuclear weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nuclear_weapons> "Nuclear weapons") programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.[[141]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-141>)
> I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action: (1) agriculture and food processing; (2) education and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable and quality electric power, surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country; and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies. These five areas are closely inter-related and if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to food, economic and national security.
Kalam described a "transformative moment" in his life in his book _[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Transcendence:_My_Spiritual_Experiences_with_Pramukh_Swamiji> "Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji")_. When he asked Pramukh Swami on how India might realise his vision of development, Swami answered to add a sixth area of developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption.[[129]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Pramukh-129>)
Bibliography
The following are the books authored by Kalam:[[142]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-142>)
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Roddam Narasimha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Roddam_Narasimha> "Roddam Narasimha") (1988). _Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology_. [Indian Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences> "Indian Academy of Sciences").[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-143>)
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Y. S. Rajan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Y._S._Rajan> "Y. S. Rajan") (1998). _[India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_2020> "India 2020")_. [Penguin Random House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Penguin_Random_House> "Penguin Random House"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-670-88271-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88271-7> "Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88271-7").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Arun Tiwari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arun_Tiwari> "Arun Tiwari") (1999). _[Wings of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wings_of_Fire_\(autobiography\)> "Wings of Fire \(autobiography\)")_. Universities Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-173-71146-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-173-71146-6> "Special:BookSources/978-8-173-71146-6").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002). _Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power within India_. [Penguin Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Penguin_Books> "Penguin Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-670-04928-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-04928-8> "Special:BookSources/978-0-670-04928-8").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [A. Sivathanu Pillai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/A._Sivathanu_Pillai> "A. Sivathanu Pillai") (2004). _Envisioning an Empowered Nation: Technology for Societal Transformation_. [McGraw-Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/McGraw-Hill> "McGraw-Hill"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-070-53154-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-070-53154-3> "Special:BookSources/978-0-070-53154-3").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2004). _The Luminous Sparks: A Biography in Verse and Colours_. Punya Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-190-18978-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-190-18978-1> "Special:BookSources/978-8-190-18978-1").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Arun Tiwari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arun_Tiwari> "Arun Tiwari") (2005). _Guiding Souls: Dialogues on the Purpose of Life_. Ocean Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-188-32274-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-188-32274-9> "Special:BookSources/978-8-188-32274-9").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Manav Gupta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Manav_Gupta> "Manav Gupta") (2005). _Mission India : A Vision for Indian youth_. [Penguin Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Penguin_Books> "Penguin Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-14-333499-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-333499-6> "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-333499-6").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2007). _Inspiring Thoughts: Quotation Series_. [Rajpal & Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajpal_%26_Sons> "Rajpal & Sons"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7028-684-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7028-684-4> "Special:BookSources/978-81-7028-684-4").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Arun Tiwari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arun_Tiwari> "Arun Tiwari") (2010). _You Are Born To Blossom: Take my Journey Beyond_. Ocean Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-184-30037-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-184-30037-6> "Special:BookSources/978-8-184-30037-6").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Y. S. Rajan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Y._S._Rajan> "Y. S. Rajan") (2011). _The Scientific India: A Twenty First Century Guide to the World around Us_. [Penguin Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Penguin_Books> "Penguin Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-143-41687-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-143-41687-6> "Special:BookSources/978-0-143-41687-6").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Arun Tiwari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arun_Tiwari> "Arun Tiwari") (2011). _Failure to Success: Legendry Lives_. [Orient Blackswan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Orient_Blackswan> "Orient Blackswan"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-125-04212-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-125-04212-9> "Special:BookSources/978-8-125-04212-9").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Srijan Pal Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Srijan_Pal_Singh> "Srijan Pal Singh") (2011). _[Target 3 Billion: Innovative Solutions towards Sustainable Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Target_3_Billion> "Target 3 Billion")_. [Penguin Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Penguin_Books> "Penguin Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-143-41730-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-143-41730-9> "Special:BookSources/978-0-143-41730-9").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Poonam Kohli (2012). _You are Unique: Scale New Heights by Thoughts and Actions_. Punya Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-143-41730-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-143-41730-9> "Special:BookSources/978-0-143-41730-9").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2012). _Turning Points: A Journey through Challenges_. [Harper Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Harper_Collins> "Harper Collins"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-9-350-29347-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-350-29347-8> "Special:BookSources/978-9-350-29347-8").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2013). _[Indomitable Spirit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indomitable_Spirit> "Indomitable Spirit")_. [Rajpal & Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajpal_%26_Sons> "Rajpal & Sons"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-170-28879-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-170-28879-4> "Special:BookSources/978-8-170-28879-4").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2013). _Spirit of India_. [Rajpal & Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajpal_%26_Sons> "Rajpal & Sons"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-170-28795-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-170-28795-7> "Special:BookSources/978-8-170-28795-7").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2014). _My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions_. [Rupa Publications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rupa_Publications> "Rupa Publications"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-129-12491-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-129-12491-3> "Special:BookSources/978-8-129-12491-3").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [A. Sivathanu Pillai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/A._Sivathanu_Pillai> "A. Sivathanu Pillai") (2014). _We Can do it: Thoughts for Change_. Shree Book Centre. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-9-350-49763-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-350-49763-0> "Special:BookSources/978-9-350-49763-0").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2014). _Governance for Growth in India_. [Rupa Publications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rupa_Publications> "Rupa Publications"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-129-13260-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-129-13260-4> "Special:BookSources/978-8-129-13260-4").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; V. Ponraj (2014). _A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020_. [Harper Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Harper_Collins> "Harper Collins"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-9-351-36172-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-351-36172-5> "Special:BookSources/978-9-351-36172-5").[[144]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-144>)
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2014). _Forge Your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring_. [Rajpal & Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajpal_%26_Sons> "Rajpal & Sons"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-5064-279-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5064-279-5> "Special:BookSources/978-93-5064-279-5").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2014). _Beyond 2020: A Vision for Tomorrow's India_. Viking Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-670-08796-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08796-9> "Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08796-9").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2015). _The Guiding Light: A Selection of Quotations from My Favourite Books_. [Rupa Publications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rupa_Publications> "Rupa Publications"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-129-13486-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-129-13486-8> "Special:BookSources/978-8-129-13486-8").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Srijan Pal Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Srijan_Pal_Singh> "Srijan Pal Singh") (2015). _Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future_. [Penguin Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Penguin_Books> "Penguin Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-143-33354-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-143-33354-8> "Special:BookSources/978-0-143-33354-8").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Acharya Mahapragya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Acharya_Mahapragya> "Acharya Mahapragya") (2015). _The Family and the Nation_. [Harper Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Harper_Collins> "Harper Collins"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8-172-23727-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-172-23727-1> "Special:BookSources/978-8-172-23727-1").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Arun Tiwari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arun_Tiwari> "Arun Tiwari") (2015). _[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Transcendence:_My_Spiritual_Experiences_with_Pramukh_Swamiji> "Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji")_. [Harper Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Harper_Collins> "Harper Collins"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-9-351-77405-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-351-77405-1> "Special:BookSources/978-9-351-77405-1").
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; [Srijan Pal Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Srijan_Pal_Singh> "Srijan Pal Singh") (2015). _Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity_. [Harper Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Harper_Collins> "Harper Collins"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-9-351-77645-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-351-77645-1> "Special:BookSources/978-9-351-77645-1").


## Awards and honours
Main article: [List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
Kalam received [honorary doctorates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doctor_\(title\)#Honorary_doctorates> "Doctor \(title\)") from various universities.[[145]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-145>)[[146]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-146>)[[147]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-147>) The Government of India honoured him with the [Padma Bhushan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Padma_Bhushan> "Padma Bhushan") in 1981 and the [Padma Vibhushan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Padma_Vibhushan> "Padma Vibhushan") in 1990.[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Facts-26>) In 1997, he was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the [Bharat Ratna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bharat_Ratna> "Bharat Ratna"), for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[[148]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-148>) He received the [Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Award_for_National_Integration> "Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration") in 1997, Savarkar Award in 1998, and Ramanujan Award in 2000.[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Facts-26>) In 2008, he was the recipient of [Hoover Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hoover_Medal> "Hoover Medal").[[149]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-149>) In 2013, he was awarded the [Von Braun Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Space_Society#Awards> "National Space Society") by the [National Space Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Space_Society> "National Space Society") "to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".[[150]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-150>)
## Legacy
[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/APJ_Abdul_Kalam_2015_stamp_of_India.jpg/250px-APJ_Abdul_Kalam_2015_stamp_of_India.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:APJ_Abdul_Kalam_2015_stamp_of_India.jpg>)A 2015 [India Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_Post> "India Post") stamp of Kalam
Main article: [List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_things_named_after_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
Kalam's birthday is celebrated as [World Students' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/World_Students%27_Day> "World Students' Day") in India.[[151]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-151>) In 2012, Kalam was ranked second in _[the Greatest Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Greatest_Indian> "The Greatest Indian")_ poll conducted by [Outlook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Outlook_\(Indian_magazine\)> "Outlook \(Indian magazine\)").[[152]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-152>) In September 2014, India and the United States launched the Fulbright-Kalam climate fellowship which enabled six Indian doctoral students and researchers to work with institutions in the US for a period of 6–12 months.[[153]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-153>) In 2015, the [Government of Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu> "Government of Tamil Nadu") announced that Kalam's birthday, 15 October, would be observed as "Youth Renaissance Day". It also instituted the "[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dr._A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_Award> "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award")" constituting a gold medal, a certificate and ₹500,000 (US$5,900), to be awarded annually on the [Indian Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Independence_Day> "Indian Independence Day"), to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.[[154]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-154>) On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015, the [Central Board of Secondary Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education> "Central Board of Secondary Education") (CBSE) released topics on his name as a part of the CBSE expression series.[[155]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-155>) On the same day, [India Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_Post> "India Post") released postage stamps commemorating the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.[[156]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-156>)
In 2017, researchers at the NASA's [Jet Propulsion Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory> "Jet Propulsion Laboratory") discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/International_Space_Station> "International Space Station") and named it _[Solibacillus kalamii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Solibacillus_kalamii> "Solibacillus kalamii")_ to honour Kalam.[[157]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-157>) In February 2018, scientists from the [Botanical Survey of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Botanical_Survey_of_India> "Botanical Survey of India") named a newly found plant species as _Drypetes kalamii_ , in his honour.[[158]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-158>) In 2022, a newly discovered species of [footballfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Footballfish> "Footballfish") was named as _[Himantolophus kalami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Himantolophus_kalami> "Himantolophus kalami")_ in Kalam's honour.[[159]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-159>) In 2023, a newly discovered [tardigrade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tardigrade> "Tardigrade") was named _Batillipes kalami_ after him.[[160]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-160>)
Several places and locations have been named after Kalam. In August 2015, [Aurangzeb Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dr_APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Road> "Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road") in New Delhi was named after Kalam as Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road.[[161]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-161>)[[162]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-162>)[[163]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-163>) In September 2015, the national missile test site in [Odisha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Odisha> "Odisha") in Wheeler Island was renamed as [Abdul Kalam Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Abdul_Kalam_Island> "Abdul Kalam Island").[[164]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-164>) In October 2015, a 6,180 m (20,280 ft) peak near the [Bara Shigri Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bara_Shigri_Glacier> "Bara Shigri Glacier") in the [Himalayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Himalayas> "Himalayas") was named as Mount Kalam.[[165]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-165>) [Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dr_APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Missile_Complex> "Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex"), a missile research facility in [Hyderabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hyderabad,_India> "Hyderabad, India") is named after him.[[166]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-166>) [Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dr._A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_Science_City> "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City") in [Patna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Patna> "Patna"), and [Dr. Abdul Kalam Science Centre and Planetarium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Puducherry_Science_Centre_%26_Planetarium> "Puducherry Science Centre & Planetarium") in [Puducherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Puducherry_\(union_territory\)> "Puducherry \(union territory\)") are named in honour of Kalam.[[167]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-167>)[[168]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-168>) Several universities,[[169]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-169>) and other educational institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam.[[170]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-170>)[[171]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-171>)[[172]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-172>)[[173]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-173>)
## In popular culture
Biographies
  * _Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam_ by S Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[[174]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-174>)
  * _President A P J Abdul Kalam_ by R K Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.[[175]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-175>)
  * _A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India_ by K Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.[[176]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-176>)
  * _The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President_ by P M Nair; HarperCollins, 2008.[[177]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Nair2008-177>)
  * _My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam_ by Fr A K George; Novel Corporation, 2009.[[178]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-George2009-178>)
  * _A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life_ by [Arun Tiwari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arun_Tiwari> "Arun Tiwari"); Harper Collins, 2015.[[179]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-179>)
  * _The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam_ by S M Khan; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.[[180]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-180>)


Film and media
In 2008, a documentary film _[A Little Dream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/A_Little_Dream> "A Little Dream")_ directed by P. Dhanapal was released in India.[[181]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-181>) In the 2011 [Hindi film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bollywood> "Bollywood") _[I Am Kalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/I_Am_Kalam> "I Am Kalam")_ , Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but bright [Rajasthani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajasthani_people> "Rajasthani people") boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.[[182]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-182>) _People's President_ is a 2016 Indian documentary [feature film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Feature_film> "Feature film") directed by Pankaj Vyas and produced by the Government of India's [Films Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Films_Division_of_India> "Films Division of India").[[183]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-183>) _My Hero Kalam_ is a 2018 [Kannada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kannada> "Kannada") biographical film by Shivu Hiremath which portrays Kalam's life from childhood to the Pokhran tests.[[184]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-184>) The third episode of _Mega Icons_ (2018–2020), a documentary television series about prominent personalities of India aired on [National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Geographic_India> "National Geographic India") was based on Kalam's life.[[185]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-185>) In the 2020 [Tamil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tamil_language> "Tamil language") film _[Soorarai Pottru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Soorarai_Pottru> "Soorarai Pottru")_ , Sheik Maideen portrayed Kalam.[[186]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-186>) In _Rocket Boys_ , a Hindi biographical [streaming television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Streaming_television> "Streaming television") series on [SonyLIV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/SonyLIV> "SonyLIV"), the character of Kalam was played by Arjun Radhakrishnan.[[187]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-187>) In the 2022 Tamil film _[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rocketry:_The_Nambi_Effect> "Rocketry: The Nambi Effect")_ , Kalam is portrayed by Amaan.[[188]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-188>)
## See also
  * [Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Presidency_of_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
  * [List of presidents of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_presidents_of_India> "List of presidents of India")


## References
  1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-1> "Jump up")** Contested the [2002 Indian presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2002_Indian_presidential_election> "2002 Indian presidential election") as an independent candidate backed by the ruling [National Democratic Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance> "National Democratic Alliance")
  2. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-KalamTiwari1999_2-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-KalamTiwari1999_2-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-KalamTiwari1999_2-2>) Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (1999). [_Wings of Fire: An Autobiography_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC>). Universities Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7371-146-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7371-146-6> "Special:BookSources/978-81-7371-146-6"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20131013011216/http:/books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC>) from the original on 13 October 2013.
  3. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-PIB01march12_3-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-PIB01march12_3-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-PIB01march12_3-2>) ["Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/pib.nic.in/profile/apjak.asp>). Press Information Bureau, [Government of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Government_of_India> "Government of India"). 1 March 2012. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20100608115449/http:/pib.nic.in/profile/apjak.asp>) from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  4. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-IT_4-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-IT_4-1>) Akbar, M J (9 July 2012). ["APJ Abdul Kalam speaks to Editorial Director M.J. Akbar about presidential elections 2012"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/20120709-abdul-kalam-presidential-elections-2012-new-book-turning-points-758940-2012-06-29>). _[India Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_Today> "India Today")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150731011511/http:/indiatoday.intoday.in/story/abdul-kalam-presidential-elections-2012-new-book-turning-points/1/203064.html>) from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-5> "Jump up")** ["Dr Abdul Kalam, People's President in Sri Lanka"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20130518223333/http:/www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2567111001.html>). _[Daily News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Daily_News_\(Sri_Lanka\)> "Daily News \(Sri Lanka\)")_. 23 January 2012. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2567111001.html>) on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Jai2003_6-0> "Jump up")** Jai, Janak Raj (2003). [_Presidents of India, 1950–2003_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA295>). Regency Publications. p. 296. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-87498-65-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-65-0> "Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-65-0"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20131012224650/http:/books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA295>) from the original on 12 October 2013.
  7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-7> "Jump up")** ["APJ Abdul Kalam, the unconventional President who learnt the art of the political"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150729043804/http:/www.abplive.in/incoming/2015/07/28/article664629.ece/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-the-unconventional-President-who-learnt-the-art-of-the-political>). _[ABP News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ABP_News> "ABP News")_. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.abplive.in/incoming/2015/07/28/article664629.ece/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-the-unconventional-President-who-learnt-the-art-of-the-political>) on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-8> "Jump up")** ["The greatest student India ever had"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.dailyo.in/politics/apj-abdul-kalam-peoples-president-greatest-student-india-ever-had/story/1/5271.html>). _Dailyo_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150730224338/http:/www.dailyo.in/politics/apj-abdul-kalam-peoples-president-greatest-student-india-ever-had/story/1/5271.html>) from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-9> "Jump up")** ["Brother awaits Kalam last trip"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150729155853/http:/www.telegraphindia.com/1150729/jsp/nation/story_34253.jsp>). _[Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Telegraph_\(India\)> "Telegraph \(India\)")_. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.telegraphindia.com/1150729/jsp/nation/story_34253.jsp>) on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-10> "Jump up")** ["How two orthodox Brahmins played a crucial role in APJ Abdul Kalam's childhood"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/qz.com/465515/how-two-orthodox-brahmins-played-a-crucial-role-in-apj-abdul-kalams-childhood/>). _Qz_. 28 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150729090458/http:/qz.com/465515/how-two-orthodox-brahmins-played-a-crucial-role-in-apj-abdul-kalams-childhood/>) from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-11> "Jump up")** ["Day before death, Kalam enquired about elder brother's health"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.ibnlive.com/news/india/day-before-death-kalam-enquired-about-elder-brothers-health-1026767.html>). _[IBN Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/CNN-News18> "CNN-News18")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150730205650/http:/www.ibnlive.com/news/india/day-before-death-kalam-enquired-about-elder-brothers-health-1026767.html>) from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-12> "Jump up")** ["Not aware of any will left by Kalam: nephew"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Not-aware-of-any-will-left-by-Kalam-Nephew/articleshow/48297059.cms>). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Times_of_India> "The Times of India")_. 31 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150803120645/http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Not-aware-of-any-will-left-by-Kalam-Nephew/articleshow/48297059.cms>) from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-SharmaDas2004_13-0> "Jump up")** Sharma, Mahesh; Das, P.K.; Bhalla, P. (2004). [_Pride of the Nation: Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/books.google.com/books?id=TkGyzKt-l6cC&pg=PA13>). Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 13. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-288-0806-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-288-0806-7> "Special:BookSources/978-81-288-0806-7"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20131013011056/http:/books.google.com/books?id=TkGyzKt-l6cC&pg=PA13>) from the original on 13 October 2013.
  14. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-visit_14-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-visit_14-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-visit_14-2>) Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). [_A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC&pg=PA153>). New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 1–10, 153. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7648-380-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-380-3> "Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-380-3"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20230725113051/https:/books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC&pg=PA153>) from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-15> "Jump up")** ["Kalam's alma mater in Ramnad set for renovation"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/renovation-of-dr-apj-abdul-kalams-alma-mater-in-ramanathapuram-by-coimbatore-non-profit/articleshow/108571331.cms>). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Times_of_India> "The Times of India")_. 18 March 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-16> "Jump up")** K. Raju; S. Annamalai (24 September 2006). ["Kalam meets the teacher who moulded him"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20130928165057/http:/www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404791000.htm>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404791000.htm>) on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-17> "Jump up")** Dixit, Sumita Vaid (18 March 2010). ["The boy from Rameswaram who became a President"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/18/slide-show-1-achievers-indias-best-students-apj-abdul-kalam.htm>). _[Rediff.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rediff.com> "Rediff.com")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20120702010920/http:/getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/18/slide-show-1-achievers-indias-best-students-apj-abdul-kalam.htm>) from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-18> "Jump up")** ["Failed in my dream of becoming a pilot : Abdul Kalam in new book"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/failed-in-my-dream-of-becoming-pilot-abdul-kalam-in-new-book/article5035287.ece>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. 18 August 2013. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20130818165820/http:/www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/failed-in-my-dream-of-becoming-pilot-abdul-kalam-in-new-book/article5035287.ece>) from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  19. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-nic_19-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-nic_19-1>) ["Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20070309080244/http:/www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Abdulkalam/Abdulkalam.htm>). _[National Informatics Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Informatics_Centre> "National Informatics Centre")_. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/abdulkalam/abdulkalam.htm>) on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Sumita_Vaid_Dixit_20-0> "Jump up")** Gopalakrishnan, Karthika (23 June 2009). ["Kalam tells students to follow their heart"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kalam-tells-students-to-follow-their-heart/articleshow/4689858.cms>). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Times_of_India> "The Times of India")_. Chennai, India. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20130523213320/http:/articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-23/chennai/28168542_1_kalam-primary-school-maths-class>) from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-21> "Jump up")** Pawar, Ashwini (29 July 2015). ["I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096>). _[Daily News and Analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis> "Daily News and Analysis")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20210709211836/https:/www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096>) from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Britannica_22-0> "Jump up")** Ramchandani (2000). Hoiberg, Dale (ed.). [_A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress)_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC>). New Delhi: Encyclopædia Britannica (India). p. 2. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-85229-760-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5> "Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20160829192223/https:/books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC>) from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Inc.1989_23-0> "Jump up")** ["Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/books.google.com/books?id=6AUAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32>). _Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs_. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science: 32. November 1989. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\)> "ISSN \(identifier\)") [0096-3402](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402>). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20160511004955/https:/books.google.com/books?id=6AUAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32>) from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-24> "Jump up")** ["When Dr APJ Abdul Kalam learnt from failure and Isro bounced back to life"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.indiatoday.in/science/story/national-space-day-when-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-learnt-from-failure-and-isro-bounced-back-to-life-2586775-2024-08-23>). _[India Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_Today> "India Today")_. 23 August 2024. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20241001120006/https:/www.indiatoday.in/science/story/national-space-day-when-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-learnt-from-failure-and-isro-bounced-back-to-life-2586775-2024-08-23>) from the original on 1 October 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
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  26. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Facts_26-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Facts_26-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Facts_26-2>) ["Lesser Known Facts About Dr APJ Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/Jul/28/lesser-known-facts-about-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-787047.html>). _[The New Indian Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_New_Indian_Express> "The New Indian Express")_. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-27> "Jump up")** ["Missile Chronology, 1971–1979"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.nti.org/media/pdfs/india_missile.pdf?_=1316466791>) (PDF). James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute of International Studies, Nuclear Threat Initiative. July 2003. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20121120103945/http:/www.nti.org/media/pdfs/india_missile.pdf?_=1316466791>) (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  28. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-RV_28-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-RV_28-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-RV_28-2>) ["The prime motivator"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1913/19131240.htm>). _[Frontline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Frontline_\(magazine\)> "Frontline \(magazine\)")_. 5 July 2002. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20061021161310/http:/www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1913/19131240.htm>) from the original on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
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  92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-92> "Jump up")** ["End of an era: 'Missile man' APJ Abdul Kalam passes away after cardiac arrest"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.firstpost.com/india/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away-after-collapsing-during-lecture-at-iim-shillong-2366030.html>). _Firstpost_. 28 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150728112529/http:/www.firstpost.com/india/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away-after-collapsing-during-lecture-at-iim-shillong-2366030.html>) from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
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  97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-97> "Jump up")** ["People's president: India mourns Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685083>). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/BBC_News> "BBC News")_. 28 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150730230504/http:/www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685083>) from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
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  99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-99> "Jump up")** ["Former President APJ Abdul Kalam has died aged 83"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/28/former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam-has-died-aged-83>). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Guardian> "The Guardian")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150821123429/http:/www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/28/former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam-has-died-aged-83>) from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
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  116. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Mid_116-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Mid_116-1>) ["We thought he would be with us for another decade: Kalam's nephew"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.mid-day.com/articles/we-thought-he-would-be-with-us-for-another-decade-kalams-nephew/16408160>). _Mid-Day_. 29 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150731230128/http:/www.mid-day.com/articles/we-thought-he-would-be-with-us-for-another-decade-kalams-nephew/16408160>) from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  117. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-integrity_117-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-integrity_117-1>) ["Man of integrity, Kalam insulated family from trappings of power"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Man-of-integrity-Kalam-insulated-family-from-trappings-of-power/articleshow/48289991.cms>). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Times_of_India> "The Times of India")_. 31 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150803081040/http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Man-of-integrity-Kalam-insulated-family-from-trappings-of-power/articleshow/48289991.cms>) from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-118> "Jump up")** Scott, Walter (4 November 2016). ["Kalam's brother turns 100, says takes life as it comes"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalam%E2%80%99s-brother-turns-100-says-takes-life-as-it-comes/article16436426.ece>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20200223052244/https:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalam%E2%80%99s-brother-turns-100-says-takes-life-as-it-comes/article16436426.ece>) from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020. "Kalam never accepted gifts when he attended functions..."
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  120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-120> "Jump up")** ["Of Rasam and Rice: The Humble Lifestyle of Former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/food.ndtv.com/opinions/of-rasam-and-rice-the-humble-lifestyle-of-former-president-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-1201369>). _[NDTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/NDTV> "NDTV")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150730231654/http:/food.ndtv.com/opinions/of-rasam-and-rice-the-humble-lifestyle-of-formerHe>) from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
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  122. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-BBC_122-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-BBC_122-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-BBC_122-2>) [_**d**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-BBC_122-3>) [Tharoor, Shashi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Shashi_Tharoor> "Shashi Tharoor") (28 June 2015). ["Abdul Kalam: People's president, extraordinary Indian"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685041>). _[BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/BBC> "BBC")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150730230459/http:/www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685041>) from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-123> "Jump up")** ["Kalam Tribute: Sir Never Had a TV at Home, Recalls Secretary of 24 Years"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.ndtv.com/india-news/kalam-tribute-sir-never-had-a-tv-at-home-recalls-secretary-of-24-years-1201261>). _[NDTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/NDTV> "NDTV")_. 28 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150731000524/http:/www.ndtv.com/india-news/kalam-tribute-sir-never-had-a-tv-at-home-recalls-secretary-of-24-years-1201261>) from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-124> "Jump up")** ["Kalam had no property"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece?homepage=true>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. 3 August 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20161222032339/http:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece?homepage=true>) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-125> "Jump up")** ["Guru Kalam's assets, royalties to go to elder brother"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.oneindia.com/india/oneindia-special-guru-kalam-s-assets-royalties-to-go-to-elder-brother-1825182.html>). _One India_. 3 August 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150805225257/http:/www.oneindia.com/india/oneindia-special-guru-kalam-s-assets-royalties-to-go-to-elder-brother-1825182.html>) from the original on 5 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
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  127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-127> "Jump up")** Lama, The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai. ["The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150907005520/http:/www.dalailama.com/news/post/626-apj-abdul-kalam-contemplative-science-complements-modern-science>). _www.dalailama.com_. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.dalailama.com/news/post/626-apj-abdul-kalam-contemplative-science-complements-modern-science>) on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.`{{cite web[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:Cite_web> "Template:Cite web")}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list> "Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list"))
  128. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-NDTV_128-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-NDTV_128-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-NDTV_128-2>) [_**d**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-NDTV_128-3>) [_**e**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-NDTV_128-4>) ["Dr Kalam, India's Most Non-Traditional President"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.ndtv.com/opinion/dr-kalam-indias-most-non-traditional-president-1201311?site=full>). _[NDTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/NDTV> "NDTV")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20160320080739/http:/www.ndtv.com/opinion/dr-kalam-indias-most-non-traditional-president-1201311?site=full>) from the original on 20 March 2016.
  129. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Pramukh_129-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Pramukh_129-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Pramukh_129-2>) [_**d**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Pramukh_129-3>) Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2015). _Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji_. Noida: HarperCollins India. pp. ix–xi. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-5177-405-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5177-405-1> "Special:BookSources/978-93-5177-405-1").
  130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-130> "Jump up")** ["Ramzan & Rameswaram: His ties with the island"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ramzan-Rameswaram-His-ties-with-the-island/articleshow/48274023.cms>). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Times_of_India> "The Times of India")_. 30 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150823165616/http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ramzan-Rameswaram-His-ties-with-the-island/articleshow/48274023.cms>) from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  131. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-131> "Jump up")** ["APJ Abdul Kalam: Not Hindu, Not Muslim – Death of an 'Indian'"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/zeenews.india.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalam-not-hindu-not-muslim-%25E2%2580%2593-death-of-an-indian_1637341.html>). 27 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150730205714/http:/zeenews.india.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalam-not-hindu-not-muslim-%E2%80%93-death-of-an-indian_1637341.html>) from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  132. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FP_132-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FP_132-1>) ["Remembering Kalam: Greatly beloved, but he maybe missed being truly great"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.firstpost.com/politics/remembering-apj-abdul-kalam-greatly-beloved-but-he-maybe-missed-being-truly-great-2367544.html>). _Firstpost_. 28 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150731000537/http:/www.firstpost.com/politics/remembering-apj-abdul-kalam-greatly-beloved-but-he-maybe-missed-being-truly-great-2367544.html>) from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-133> "Jump up")** ["Abdul Kalam or Abul Kalam- the message is same"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Abdul-Kalam-or-Abul-Kalam-the-message-is-same/articleshow/48408920.cms>). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Times_of_India> "The Times of India")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20160824191957/http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Abdul-Kalam-or-Abul-Kalam-the-message-is-same/articleshow/48408920.cms>) from the original on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-134> "Jump up")** ["Kalam on why Sanskrit is important"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/01kalam1.htm>). _[Rediff.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rediff.com> "Rediff.com")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20070910015917/http:/www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/01kalam1.htm>) from the original on 10 September 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
  135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-135> "Jump up")** ["Muslims react to A P J Abdul Kalam's candidature for President"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm>). _[Rediff.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rediff.com> "Rediff.com")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20170830051202/http:/www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm>) from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-136> "Jump up")** ["Three books that influenced APJ Abdul Kalam deeply"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.firstpost.com/living/three-books-that-influenced-apj-abdul-kalam-deeply-2367912.html>). _Firstpost_. 28 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150730195411/http:/www.firstpost.com/living/three-books-that-influenced-apj-abdul-kalam-deeply-2367912.html>) from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-137> "Jump up")** ["Kalam served India till last breath: Advani"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/zeenews.india.com/news/india/kalam-served-india-till-last-breath-advani_1637359.html>). _[Zee News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zee_News> "Zee News")_. 28 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20151014074425/http:/zeenews.india.com/news/india/kalam-served-india-till-last-breath-advani_1637359.html>) from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-138> "Jump up")** ["Transcending boundaries with Swamiji"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad/others/Transcending-boundaries-with-Swamiji/articleshow/48006801.cms>). _Ahmedabad Mirror_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150817031028/http:/www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad/others/Transcending-boundaries-with-Swamiji/articleshow/48006801.cms>) from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-139> "Jump up")** ["Did Kalam sense his end was near? Arun Tiwari suspects"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/arun-tiwari-suspects-kalams-premonition-of-his-death/article7478169.ece>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. 30 July 2015. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\)> "ISSN \(identifier\)") [0971-751X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X>). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20161222061032/http:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/arun-tiwari-suspects-kalams-premonition-of-his-death/article7478169.ece>) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-140> "Jump up")** ["Kalam, the author catching on in South Korea"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20090511001515/http:/www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354077>). _[Outlook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Outlook_\(Indian_magazine\)> "Outlook \(Indian magazine\)")_. 9 February 2006. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354077>) on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-141> "Jump up")** Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (1 October 2011). ["IDG Session Address"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20140314182225/http:/nujslawreview.org/pdf/articles/2011_3/dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam.pdf>) (PDF). _NUJS Law Review_. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.nujslawreview.org/pdf/articles/2011_3/dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam.pdf>) (PDF) on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-142> "Jump up")** ["List of 25 Inspiring books written by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-books-written-by-dr-abdul-kalam-1509088012-1>). _[Jagran Prakashan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jagran_Prakashan> "Jagran Prakashan")_. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-143> "Jump up")** ["Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.abdulkalam.nic.in/fluid.html>). [National Informatics Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Informatics_Centre> "National Informatics Centre"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20120130092420/http:/abdulkalam.nic.in/fluid.html>) from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-144> "Jump up")** ["Dr. Abdul Kalam's new Book A Manifesto for Change to release on July 14"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/dr-abdul-kalams-new-book-a-manifesto-for-change-to-release-on-july-14/>). _Bihar Prabha_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20140707150021/http:/news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/dr-abdul-kalams-new-book-a-manifesto-for-change-to-release-on-july-14/>) from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-145> "Jump up")** ["Dr.Kalam's Page"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20120424232206/http:/www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content.jsp?menuid=22&menuname=Dr.Kalam%F6s%20Page&linkid=130&linkname=Profile&content=457&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=->). Abdulkalam.com. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content.jsp?menuid=22&menuname=Dr.Kalam%F6s%20Page&linkid=130&linkname=Profile&content=457&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=->) on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-146> "Jump up")** Dayekh, Ribal (16 April 2011). ["Dr Abdul Kalam former President of India arrives to Dubai"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20110417054039>). _[Zawya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zawya> "Zawya")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20160604020818/http:/www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20110417054039>) from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-147> "Jump up")** ["Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queen's University Belfast"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/news.oneindia.in/2009/06/11/kalamreceives-honorary-doctorate-from-queensuniver.html>). _[Oneindia.in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Oneindia.in> "Oneindia.in")_. 11 June 2009. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20130515153517/http:/news.oneindia.in/2009/06/11/kalamreceives-honorary-doctorate-from-queensuniver.html>) from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-148> "Jump up")** ["Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm>). _[Rediff.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rediff.com> "Rediff.com")_. 26 November 1997. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20120717032654/http:/www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm>) from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-149> "Jump up")** ["Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, 2008 Hoover Medal Recipient"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/joint-awards/hoover-awards/2008>). _[American Society of Mechanical Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers> "American Society of Mechanical Engineers")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20230812084114/https:/www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/joint-awards/hoover-awards/2008>) from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-150> "Jump up")** ["NSS Von Braun Award"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150202034637/http:/www.nss.org/awards/vonbraun_award.html>). _[National Space Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Space_Society> "National Space Society")_. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.nss.org/awards/vonbraun_award.html>) on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-151> "Jump up")** ["Why APJ Kalam's birth anniversary is celebrated as World Students' Day"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-apj-kalam-s-birth-anniversary-is-celebrated-as-world-students-day-101634262358789.html>). _[The Hindustan Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindustan_Times> "The Hindustan Times")_. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-152> "Jump up")** Sengupta, Uttam (20 August 2012). ["A Measure of the Man"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949>). _[Outlook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Outlook_\(Indian_magazine\)> "Outlook \(Indian magazine\)")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20200501020655/https:/www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949>) from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-153> "Jump up")** ["India, US Launch Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-us-launch-fulbright-kalam-climate-fellowship-1286399>). _[NDTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/NDTV> "NDTV")_. 12 March 2016. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20170217101021/http:/www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-us-launch-fulbright-kalam-climate-fellowship-1286399>) from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-154> "Jump up")** ["Award in Kalam's name, birthday to be observed as 'Youth Renaissance Day'"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/award-in-apj-abdul-kalams-name-birthday-to-be-observed-as-youth-renaissance-day/articleshow/48293888.cms>). _[The Economic Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Economic_Times> "The Economic Times")_. 31 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20170823154804/http:/economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/award-in-apj-abdul-kalams-name-birthday-to-be-observed-as-youth-renaissance-day/articleshow/48293888.cms>) from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-155> "Jump up")** ["APJ Abdul Kalam.pdf"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20151014012454/http:/49.50.126.244/web_material/Circulars/2015/exseries/66_APJ_Abdul_Kalam.pdf>) (PDF). _[Central Board of Secondary Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education> "Central Board of Secondary Education")_. 16 October 2015. pp. 1, 4–6. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/49.50.126.244/web_material/Circulars/2015/exseries/66_APJ_Abdul_Kalam.pdf>) (PDF) on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-156> "Jump up")** ["PM's remarks at birth anniversary celebrations of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-remarks-at-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam/>). _[Prime Minister's office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_\(India\)> "Prime Minister's Office \(India\)")_ (Press release). 15 October 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20181118133838/http:/www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-remarks-at-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam/>) from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-157> "Jump up")** ["NASA pays tribute to APJ Abdul Kalam by naming new species after him"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.ibtimes.co.in/nasa-pays-tribute-apj-abdul-kalam-by-naming-new-species-after-him-727552>). _International Business Times_. 21 May 2017. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20170521111607/http:/www.ibtimes.co.in/nasa-pays-tribute-apj-abdul-kalam-by-naming-new-species-after-him-727552>) from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-158> "Jump up")** Pacha, Aswathi (24 February 2018). ["New plant species from West Bengal named after former President Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-plant-species-from-west-bengal-named-after-former-president-abdul-kalam/article22845140.ece>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20180303121557/http:/www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-plant-species-from-west-bengal-named-after-former-president-abdul-kalam/article22845140.ece>) from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-159> "Jump up")** Scharpf, Christopher (3 June 2024). ["Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families Caulophrynidae, Neoceratiidae, Melanocetidae, Himantolophidae, Diceratiidae, Oneirodidae, Thaumatichthyidae, Centrophrynidae, Ceratiidae, Gigantactinidae And Linophrynidaee"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/>). _The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database_. 3. Christopher Scharpf. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20240513083231/https:/etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/>) from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-160> "Jump up")** Rajwi, Tiki (19 September 2023). ["New marine tardigrade species named after former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/new-marine-tardigrade-species-named-after-former-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article67322477.ece>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\)> "ISSN \(identifier\)") [0971-751X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X>). Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  161. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-161> "Jump up")** ["Delhi exits 'cruel' Aurangzeb Road for 'kind' Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-renamed-abdul-kalam-road/>). _[The Indian Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Indian_Express> "The Indian Express")_. 29 August 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20170701212557/http:/indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-renamed-abdul-kalam-road/>) from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  162. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-162> "Jump up")** Nath, Damini (4 September 2015). ["Aurangzeb Road is now Abdul Kalam Road"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aurangzeb-road-is-now-abdul-kalam-road/article7613198.ece>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20180227114944/http:/www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aurangzeb-road-is-now-abdul-kalam-road/article7613198.ece>) from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-163> "Jump up")** ["Aurangzeb Road Renamed After APJ Abdul Kalam, Arvind Kejriwal Tweets 'Congrats'"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-named-after-president-apj-abdul-kalam-tweets-arvind-kejriwal-1211984>). _[NDTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/NDTV> "NDTV")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20180228041412/https:/www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-named-after-president-apj-abdul-kalam-tweets-arvind-kejriwal-1211984>) from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-164> "Jump up")** ["Odisha's Wheeler Island to be renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150909091009/http:/www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-s-wheeler-island-to-be-renamed-after-former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article1-1387528.aspx>). _[The Hindustan Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindustan_Times> "The Hindustan Times")_. 4 September 2015. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-s-wheeler-island-to-be-renamed-after-former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article1-1387528.aspx>) on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  165. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-165> "Jump up")** ["These 2 Indians Scaled an Unexplored Mountain Peak. And Named It Mt. Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.thebetterindia.com/36880/arjun-vajpai-and-bhupesh-kumar-scale-unexplored-peak/>). _Better India_. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  166. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-166> "Jump up")** ["Missile Complex in Hyderabad renamed after Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/missile-complex-in-hyderabad-renamed-after-kalam-495459-2015-10-15>). _[India Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_Today> "India Today")_. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-167> "Jump up")** Rumi, Faryal (24 February 2019). ["Work on APJ Abdul Kalam Science City to begin this month"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/work-on-science-city-to-begin-this-month/articleshow/68141661.cms>). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Times_of_India> "The Times of India")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20191129021835/https:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/work-on-science-city-to-begin-this-month/articleshow/68141661.cms>) from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-168> "Jump up")** ["Science centre-cum-planetarium named after Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/science-centrecumplanetarium-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7545449.ece>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. 16 August 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20161222061046/http:/www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/science-centrecumplanetarium-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7545449.ece>) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  169. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-169> "Jump up")** ["UPTU is now APJ Abdul Kalam Tech University"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UPTU-is-now-APJ-Abdul-Kalam-Tech-University/articleshow/48302218.cms>). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Times_of_India> "The Times of India")_. 1 August 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150805101720/http:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UPTU-is-now-APJ-Abdul-Kalam-Tech-University/articleshow/48302218.cms>) from the original on 5 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  170. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-170> "Jump up")** ["Bihar govt names college, science city after 'People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bihar-govt-names-college-science-city-after-peoples-president-apj-abdul-kalam/>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. 30 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20150802205557/http:/indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bihar-govt-names-college-science-city-after-peoples-president-apj-abdul-kalam/>) from the original on 2 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-171> "Jump up")** ["Institute to be named after Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/institute-to-be-named-after-kalam/article7483906.ece>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. 31 July 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20161222010642/http:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/institute-to-be-named-after-kalam/article7483906.ece>) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  172. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-172> "Jump up")** ["Complex to be named after Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/complex-to-be-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7498039.ece>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. 4 August 2015. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20161222044815/http:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/complex-to-be-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7498039.ece>) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-173> "Jump up")** ["New arts and science college named after Dr APJ Abdul Kalam coming up in Tamil Nadu"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/new-arts-and-science-college-named-after-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-coming-up-in-tamil-nadu-1451387-2019-02-08>). _[India Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_Today> "India Today")_. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
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  175. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-175> "Jump up")** Pruthi, Raj (2003). [_President Apj Abdul Kalam_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC>). Anmol Publications. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-261-1344-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-1344-6> "Special:BookSources/978-81-261-1344-6"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20160603190326/https:/books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC>) from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  176. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-176> "Jump up")** Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). [_A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC>). APH Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7648-380-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-380-3> "Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-380-3"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20160507014259/https:/books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC>) from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  177. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Nair2008_177-0> "Jump up")** Nair, P. M. (2008). [_The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/books.google.com/books?id=NldWPgAACAAJ>). HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with the India Today Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7223-736-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7223-736-3> "Special:BookSources/978-81-7223-736-3"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20160426081144/https:/books.google.com/books?id=NldWPgAACAAJ>) from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  178. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-George2009_178-0> "Jump up")** Fr A K George (2009). [_My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/books.google.com/books?id=PyvbRgAACAAJ>). Novel Corp. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-904529-5-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-904529-5-3> "Special:BookSources/978-81-904529-5-3"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20160513053103/https:/books.google.com/books?id=PyvbRgAACAAJ>) from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  179. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-179> "Jump up")** Tiwari, Arun (2015). [_A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/harpercollins.co.in/book/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-a-life/>). HarperCollins. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [9789351776918](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351776918> "Special:BookSources/9789351776918"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20190905181325/https:/harpercollins.co.in/book/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-a-life/>) from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  180. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-180> "Jump up")** Khan, S M (2016). [_The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-peoples-president-9789386141521/>). Bloomsbury. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\)> "ISBN \(identifier\)") [9789386141521](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:BookSources/9789386141521> "Special:BookSources/9789386141521"). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20220330121500/https:/www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-peoples-president-9789386141521/>) from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  181. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-181> "Jump up")** ["Documentary on Kalam released"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20090511012413/http:/www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550520200.htm>). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Hindu> "The Hindu")_. 12 January 2008. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550520200.htm>) on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
  182. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-182> "Jump up")** ["I Am Kalam: Movie Review"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20130523204749/http:/articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar>). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Times_of_India> "The Times of India")_. 4 August 2011. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar>) on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  183. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-183> "Jump up")** ["Biopic to be streamed as tribute to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/filmsdivision.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/15.pdf>) (PDF). _[Films Division of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Films_Division_of_India> "Films Division of India")_. 15 January 2021. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20210611165852/https:/filmsdivision.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/15.pdf>) (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  184. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-184> "Jump up")** ["My Hero Kalam (2018)"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/indiancine.ma/CFYH/info>). _Indiancine_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20210818013129/https:/indiancine.ma/CFYH/info>) from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  185. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-185> "Jump up")** ["Mega Icons Season 1 Episode 1"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/virat-kohli/1770018765>). _[Disney+ Hotstar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar> "Disney+ Hotstar")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20210611165844/https:/www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/virat-kohli/1770018765>) from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  186. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-186> "Jump up")** ["Meet the man who's Kalam but not Kalam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/apj-abdul-kalam-sheikh-mydeen-look-alike-331642-2016-07-27>). _India Today_. 27 July 2016. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20220429101432/https:/www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/apj-abdul-kalam-sheikh-mydeen-look-alike-331642-2016-07-27>) from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  187. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-187> "Jump up")** ["'Rocket Boys' Begins Well, Then Turns Into Hagiography With a Blatantly Communal Touch"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review>). _The Wire_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20220304105826/https:/thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review>) from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  188. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-188> "Jump up")** Chellappan, Kumar (8 December 2013). ["True lies"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/true-lies.html>). _[The Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/The_Pioneer_\(India\)> "The Pioneer \(India\)")_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20210419131302/https:/www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/true-lies.html>) from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.


## External links
**A. P. J. Abdul Kalam** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects> "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
  * [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg>)[Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Avul_Pakir_Jainulabdeen_Abdul_Kalam> "c:Category:Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam") from Commons
  * [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg>)[News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/en.wikinews.org/wiki/Former_Indian_president_APJ_Abdul_Kalam_dies_at_age_83> "n:Former Indian president APJ Abdul Kalam dies at age 83") from Wikinews
  * [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg>)[Quotations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/en.wikiquote.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "q:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam") from Wikiquote
  * [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg>)[Texts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/en.wikisource.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "s:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam") from Wikisource
  * [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Wikidata-logo.svg>)[Data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9513> "d:Q9513") from Wikidata
  * [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/40px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg>)[Documentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VideoWiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "mw:Wikipedia:VideoWiki/A. P. J. Abdul Kalam") from MediaWiki


  * [Official website](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/www.abdulkalam.com/>) [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/web.archive.org/web/20210227160818/http:/www.abdulkalam.com/>) 27 February 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wayback_Machine> "Wayback Machine")
  * [Website of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam during his tenureship as the President of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/abdulkalam.nic.in/profile.html>), hosted by the [National Informatics Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Informatics_Centre> "National Informatics Centre")
  * [A. P. J. Abdul Kalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.imdb.com/name/nm1527897/>) at [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/IMDb_\(identifier\)> "IMDb \(identifier\)")

Political offices   
---  
Preceded by[K. R. Narayanan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._R._Narayanan> "K. R. Narayanan") | **[President of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/President_of_India> "President of India") **2002 - 2007  | Succeeded by[Pratibha Patil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pratibha_Patil> "Pratibha Patil")  
Government offices   
**New title** First holder | **[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Principal_Scientific_Adviser_to_the_Government_of_India> "Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India") **1999 - 2002  | Succeeded by[Rajagopala Chidambaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram> "Rajagopala Chidambaram")  
Preceded by[V. S. R. Arunachalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._S._R._Arunachalam> "V. S. R. Arunachalam") | **Director General[Defence Research and Development Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation> "Defence Research and Development Organisation") **1992 - 1999  | Succeeded by[V. K. Aatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._K._Aatre> "V. K. Aatre")  
showNavboxes related to A. P. J. Abdul Kalam  
---  
| show
  * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:Presidents_of_India> "Template:Presidents of India")
  * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_India> "Template talk:Presidents of India")
  * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_India> "Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of India")

[![India](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India> "India") [Presidents of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/President_of_India> "President of India")  
---  
  * [List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_presidents_of_India> "List of presidents of India")

  
Presidents| 
  * [Rajendra Prasad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajendra_Prasad> "Rajendra Prasad")
  * [Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan> "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan")
  * [Zakir Husain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zakir_Husain> "Zakir Husain")
  * [V. V. Giri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._V._Giri> "V. V. Giri")
  * [Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed> "Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed")
  * [Neelam Sanjiva Reddy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy> "Neelam Sanjiva Reddy")
  * [Zail Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zail_Singh> "Zail Singh")
  * [Ramaswamy Venkataraman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman> "Ramaswamy Venkataraman")
  * [Shankar Dayal Sharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma> "Shankar Dayal Sharma")
  * [K. R. Narayanan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._R._Narayanan> "K. R. Narayanan")
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
    * [Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Presidency_of_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
  * [Pratibha Patil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pratibha_Patil> "Pratibha Patil")
    * [Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Presidency_of_Pratibha_Patil> "Presidency of Pratibha Patil")
  * [Pranab Mukherjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee> "Pranab Mukherjee")
    * [Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Presidency_of_Pranab_Mukherjee> "Presidency of Pranab Mukherjee")
  * [Ram Nath Kovind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind> "Ram Nath Kovind")
    * [Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Presidency_of_Ram_Nath_Kovind> "Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind")
  * [Droupadi Murmu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Droupadi_Murmu> "Droupadi Murmu") (incumbent)
    * [Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Presidency_of_Droupadi_Murmu> "Presidency of Droupadi Murmu")

| [![Flag of India](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/60px-Flag_of_India.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg>)  
Acting| 
  * [V. V. Giri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._V._Giri> "V. V. Giri")
  * [Mohammad Hidayatullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mohammad_Hidayatullah> "Mohammad Hidayatullah")
  * [B. D. Jatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/B._D._Jatti> "B. D. Jatti")

  
Elections| 
  * [1950](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1950_Indian_presidential_election> "1950 Indian presidential election")
  * [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1952_Indian_presidential_election> "1952 Indian presidential election")
  * [1957](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1957_Indian_presidential_election> "1957 Indian presidential election")
  * [1962](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1962_Indian_presidential_election> "1962 Indian presidential election")
  * [1967](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1967_Indian_presidential_election> "1967 Indian presidential election")
  * [1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1969_Indian_presidential_election> "1969 Indian presidential election")
  * [1974](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1974_Indian_presidential_election> "1974 Indian presidential election")
  * [1977](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1977_Indian_presidential_election> "1977 Indian presidential election")
  * [1982](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1982_Indian_presidential_election> "1982 Indian presidential election")
  * [1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1987_Indian_presidential_election> "1987 Indian presidential election")
  * [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1992_Indian_presidential_election> "1992 Indian presidential election")
  * [1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/1997_Indian_presidential_election> "1997 Indian presidential election")
  * [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2002_Indian_presidential_election> "2002 Indian presidential election")
  * [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2007_Indian_presidential_election> "2007 Indian presidential election")
  * [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2012_Indian_presidential_election> "2012 Indian presidential election")
  * [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2017_Indian_presidential_election> "2017 Indian presidential election")
  * [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/2022_Indian_presidential_election> "2022 Indian presidential election")
  * [_2027_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Next_Indian_presidential_election> "Next Indian presidential election")

  
  * [Eponyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_things_named_after_presidents_of_India> "List of things named after presidents of India")
    * [Prasad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Rajendra_Prasad> "List of things named after Rajendra Prasad")
    * [Abdul Kalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_things_named_after_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
  * International trips 
    * [Patil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Pratibha_Patil> "List of international presidential trips made by Pratibha Patil")
    * [Kovind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Ram_Nath_Kovind> "List of international presidential trips made by Ram Nath Kovind")
    * [Murmu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Droupadi_Murmu> "List of international presidential trips made by Droupadi Murmu")
  * [Residence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rastrapati_Bhavan> "Rastrapati Bhavan")
  * [Spouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_India> "First ladies and gentlemen of India")
  * **![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Presidents_of_India> "Category:Presidents of India")**

  
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  * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:Bharat_Ratna> "Template:Bharat Ratna")
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  * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat_Ratna> "Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat Ratna")

Recipients of [Bharat Ratna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bharat_Ratna> "Bharat Ratna") Award  
---  
1954–1960| 
  * [C. Rajagopalachari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._Rajagopalachari> "C. Rajagopalachari"), [Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan> "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan"), and [C. V. Raman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._V._Raman> "C. V. Raman") (1954)
  * [Bhagwan Das](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhagwan_Das> "Bhagwan Das"), [M. Visvesvaraya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._Visvesvaraya> "M. Visvesvaraya"), and [Jawaharlal Nehru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru> "Jawaharlal Nehru") (1955)
  * [Govind Ballabh Pant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant> "Govind Ballabh Pant") (1957)
  * [Dhondo Keshav Karve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve> "Dhondo Keshav Karve") (1958)

  
1961–1980| 
  * [Bidhan Chandra Roy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy> "Bidhan Chandra Roy"), and [Purushottam Das Tandon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon> "Purushottam Das Tandon") (1961)
  * [Rajendra Prasad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajendra_Prasad> "Rajendra Prasad") (1962)
  * [Zakir Husain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zakir_Husain_\(politician\)> "Zakir Husain \(politician\)"), and [Pandurang Vaman Kane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane> "Pandurang Vaman Kane") (1963)
  * [Lal Bahadur Shastri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri> "Lal Bahadur Shastri") (1966)
  * [Indira Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indira_Gandhi> "Indira Gandhi") (1971)
  * [Varahagiri Venkata Giri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Varahagiri_Venkata_Giri> "Varahagiri Venkata Giri") (1975)
  * [K. Kamaraj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._Kamaraj> "K. Kamaraj") (1976)
  * [Mother Teresa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mother_Teresa> "Mother Teresa") (1980)

  
1981–2000| 
  * [Vinoba Bhave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vinoba_Bhave> "Vinoba Bhave") (1983)
  * [Abdul Ghaffar Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan> "Abdul Ghaffar Khan") (1987)
  * [M. G. Ramachandran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._G._Ramachandran> "M. G. Ramachandran") (1988)
  * [B. R. Ambedkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/B._R._Ambedkar> "B. R. Ambedkar"), and [Nelson Mandela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nelson_Mandela> "Nelson Mandela") (1990)
  * [Rajiv Gandhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi> "Rajiv Gandhi"), [Vallabhbhai Patel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel> "Vallabhbhai Patel"), and [Morarji Desai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Morarji_Desai> "Morarji Desai") (1991)
  * [Abul Kalam Azad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad> "Abul Kalam Azad"), [J. R. D. Tata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/J._R._D._Tata> "J. R. D. Tata") and [Satyajit Ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satyajit_Ray> "Satyajit Ray") (1992)
  * [Gulzarilal Nanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda> "Gulzarilal Nanda"), [Aruna Asaf Ali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali> "Aruna Asaf Ali"), and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997)
  * [M. S. Subbulakshmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi> "M. S. Subbulakshmi"), and [C. Subramaniam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._Subramaniam> "C. Subramaniam") (1998)
  * [Jayaprakash Narayan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan> "Jayaprakash Narayan"), [Amartya Sen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Amartya_Sen> "Amartya Sen"), [Gopinath Bordoloi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gopinath_Bordoloi> "Gopinath Bordoloi"), and [Ravi Shankar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ravi_Shankar> "Ravi Shankar") (1999)

  
2001–2020| 
  * [Lata Mangeshkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar> "Lata Mangeshkar"), and [Bismillah Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bismillah_Khan> "Bismillah Khan") (2001)
  * [Bhimsen Joshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi> "Bhimsen Joshi") (2008)
  * [C. N. R. Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._N._R._Rao> "C. N. R. Rao"), and [Sachin Tendulkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar> "Sachin Tendulkar") (2014)
  * [Atal Bihari Vajpayee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee> "Atal Bihari Vajpayee"), and [Madan Mohan Malaviya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya> "Madan Mohan Malaviya") (2015)
  * [Nanaji Deshmukh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh> "Nanaji Deshmukh"), [Bhupen Hazarika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika> "Bhupen Hazarika"), and [Pranab Mukherjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee> "Pranab Mukherjee") (2019)

  
2021–2040| 
  * [Karpoori Thakur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Karpoori_Thakur> "Karpoori Thakur"), [Lal Krishna Advani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani> "Lal Krishna Advani"), [Charan Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Charan_Singh> "Charan Singh"), [P. V. Narasimha Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao> "P. V. Narasimha Rao"), and [M. S. Swaminathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._S._Swaminathan> "M. S. Swaminathan") (2024)

  
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  * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards> "Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards")
  * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards> "Template talk:Padma Vibhushan Awards")
  * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards> "Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards")

[Recipients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Padma_Vibhushan_award_recipients> "List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients") of [Padma Vibhushan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Padma_Vibhushan> "Padma Vibhushan")  
---  
Arts| 
  * [Ebrahim Alkazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi> "Ebrahim Alkazi")
  * [Kishori Amonkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kishori_Amonkar> "Kishori Amonkar")
  * [Prabha Atre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prabha_Atre> "Prabha Atre")
  * [Amitabh Bachchan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan> "Amitabh Bachchan")
  * [Teejan Bai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Teejan_Bai> "Teejan Bai")
  * [M. Balamuralikrishna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._Balamuralikrishna> "M. Balamuralikrishna")
  * [T. Balasaraswati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Balasaraswati> "Balasaraswati")
  * [S. P. Balasubrahmanyam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam> "S. P. Balasubrahmanyam")
  * [Asha Bhosle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Asha_Bhosle> "Asha Bhosle")
  * [Nandalal Bose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nandalal_Bose> "Nandalal Bose")
  * [Hariprasad Chaurasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hariprasad_Chaurasia> "Hariprasad Chaurasia")
  * [Chiranjeevi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chiranjeevi> "Chiranjeevi")
  * [Girija Devi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Girija_Devi> "Girija Devi")
  * [Kumar Gandharva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kumar_Gandharva> "Kumar Gandharva")
  * [Adoor Gopalakrishnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan> "Adoor Gopalakrishnan")
  * [Satish Gujral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satish_Gujral> "Satish Gujral")
  * [Gangubai Hangal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gangubai_Hangal> "Gangubai Hangal")
  * [Bhupen Hazarika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika> "Bhupen Hazarika")
  * [M. F. Husain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._F._Husain> "M. F. Husain")
  * [Zakir Hussain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zakir_Hussain_\(musician\)> "Zakir Hussain \(musician\)")
  * [Ilaiyaraaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ilaiyaraaja> "Ilaiyaraaja")
  * [Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer> "Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer")
  * [Bhimsen Joshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi> "Bhimsen Joshi")
  * [Ali Akbar Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ali_Akbar_Khan> "Ali Akbar Khan")
  * [Amjad Ali Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Amjad_Ali_Khan> "Amjad Ali Khan")
  * [Allauddin Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Allauddin_Khan> "Allauddin Khan")
  * [Bismillah Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bismillah_Khan> "Bismillah Khan")
  * [Ghulam Mustafa Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan_\(singer\)> "Ghulam Mustafa Khan \(singer\)")
  * [Yamini Krishnamurthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurthy> "Yamini Krishnamurthy")
  * [Dilip Kumar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dilip_Kumar> "Dilip Kumar")
  * [Kumudini Lakhia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kumudini_Lakhia> "Kumudini Lakhia")
  * [R. K. Laxman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/R._K._Laxman> "R. K. Laxman")
  * [Birju Maharaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Birju_Maharaj> "Birju Maharaj")
  * [Kishan Maharaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kishan_Maharaj> "Kishan Maharaj")
  * [Lata Mangeshkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar> "Lata Mangeshkar")
  * [Sonal Mansingh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sonal_Mansingh> "Sonal Mansingh")
  * [Mallikarjun Mansur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mallikarjun_Mansur> "Mallikarjun Mansur")
  * [Zubin Mehta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zubin_Mehta> "Zubin Mehta")
  * [Mario Miranda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mario_Miranda> "Mario Miranda")
  * [Chhannulal Mishra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chhannulal_Mishra> "Chhannulal Mishra")
  * [Kelucharan Mohapatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra> "Kelucharan Mohapatra")
  * [Raghunath Mohapatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Raghunath_Mohapatra> "Raghunath Mohapatra")
  * [Jasraj Motiram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jasraj> "Jasraj")
  * [Benode Behari Mukherjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Benode_Behari_Mukherjee> "Benode Behari Mukherjee")
  * [Hrishikesh Mukherjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee> "Hrishikesh Mukherjee")
  * [Rajinikanth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajinikanth> "Rajinikanth")
  * [Ram Narayan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ram_Narayan> "Ram Narayan")
  * [D. K. Pattammal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/D._K._Pattammal> "D. K. Pattammal")
  * [K. Shankar Pillai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai> "K. Shankar Pillai")
  * [Balwant Moreshwar Purandare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Balwant_Moreshwar_Purandare> "Balwant Moreshwar Purandare")
  * [Akkineni Nageswara Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao> "Akkineni Nageswara Rao")
  * [Kaloji Narayana Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kaloji_Narayana_Rao> "Kaloji Narayana Rao")
  * [Satyajit Ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satyajit_Ray> "Satyajit Ray")
  * [S. H. Raza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/S._H._Raza> "S. H. Raza")
  * [Zohra Sehgal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zohra_Sehgal> "Zohra Sehgal")
  * [Uday Shankar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Uday_Shankar> "Uday Shankar")
  * [Ravi Shankar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ravi_Shankar> "Ravi Shankar")
  * [V. Shantaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._Shantaram> "V. Shantaram")
  * [Shivkumar Sharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Shivkumar_Sharma> "Shivkumar Sharma")
  * [Sharda Sinha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sharda_Sinha> "Sharda Sinha")
  * [Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman> "Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman")
  * [M. S. Subbulakshmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi> "M. S. Subbulakshmi")
  * [L. Subramaniam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/L._Subramaniam> "L. Subramaniam")
  * [K. G. Subramanyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._G._Subramanyan> "K. G. Subramanyan")
  * [Kapila Vatsyayan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kapila_Vatsyayan> "Kapila Vatsyayan")
  * [Homai Vyarawalla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Homai_Vyarawalla> "Homai Vyarawalla")
  * [K. J. Yesudas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._J._Yesudas> "K. J. Yesudas")

  
Civil service| 
  * [Bimala Prasad Chaliha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bimala_Prasad_Chaliha> "Bimala Prasad Chaliha")
  * [Naresh Chandra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Naresh_Chandra> "Naresh Chandra")
  * [T. N. Chaturvedi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/T._N._Chaturvedi> "T. N. Chaturvedi")
  * [Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri> "Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri")
  * [Suranjan Das](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Suranjan_Das> "Suranjan Das")
  * [Rajeshwar Dayal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajeshwar_Dayal> "Rajeshwar Dayal")
  * [Basanti Devi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Basanti_Devi> "Basanti Devi")
  * [P. N. Dhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/P._N._Dhar> "P. N. Dhar")
  * [Jyotindra Nath Dixit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit> "Jyotindra Nath Dixit")
  * [M. S. Gill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._S._Gill> "M. S. Gill")
  * [Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim> "Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim")
  * [H. V. R. Iyengar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/H._V._R._Iyengar> "H. V. R. Iyengar")
  * [Bhola Nath Jha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhola_Nath_Jha> "Bhola Nath Jha")
  * [Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/D._S._Joshi> "D. S. Joshi")
  * [Ajudhiya Nath Khosla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ajudhiya_Nath_Khosla> "Ajudhiya Nath Khosla")
  * [Rai Krishnadasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rai_Krishnadasa> "Rai Krishnadasa")
  * [V. Krishnamurthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._Krishnamurthy> "V. Krishnamurthy")
  * [P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam> "Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam")
  * [Pratap Chandra Lal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal> "Pratap Chandra Lal")
  * [K. B. Lall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._B._Lall> "K. B. Lall")
  * [Sam Manekshaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sam_Manekshaw> "Sam Manekshaw")
  * [Om Prakash Mehra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Om_Prakash_Mehra> "Om Prakash Mehra")
  * [Mohan Sinha Mehta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mohan_Sinha_Mehta> "Mohan Sinha Mehta")
  * [M. G. K. Menon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._G._K._Menon> "M. G. K. Menon")
  * [Brajesh Mishra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Brajesh_Mishra> "Brajesh Mishra")
  * [Sumati Morarjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sumati_Morarjee> "Sumati Morarjee")
  * [A. Ramasamy Mudaliar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar> "Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar")
  * [Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda> "Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda")
  * [Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chakravarthi_V._Narasimhan> "Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan")
  * [Braj Kumar Nehru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Braj_Kumar_Nehru> "Braj Kumar Nehru")
  * [Bhairab Dutt Pande](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/B._D._Pande> "B. D. Pande")
  * [Ghananand Pande](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ghananand_Pande> "Ghananand Pande")
  * [Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit> "Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit")
  * [T. V. Rajeswar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/T._V._Rajeswar> "T. V. Rajeswar")
  * [C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._R._Krishnaswamy_Rao> "C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao")
  * [Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/P._V._R._Rao> "P. V. R. Rao")
  * [V. K. R. V. Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._K._R._Varadaraja_Rao> "V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao")
  * [Bipin Rawat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bipin_Rawat> "Bipin Rawat")
  * [Khusro Faramurz Rustamji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Khusro_Faramurz_Rustamji> "Khusro Faramurz Rustamji")
  * [Harish Chandra Sarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Harish_Chandra_Sarin> "Harish Chandra Sarin")
  * [Binay Ranjan Sen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Binay_Ranjan_Sen> "Binay Ranjan Sen")
  * [Homi Sethna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Homi_Sethna> "Homi Sethna")
  * [Arjan Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arjan_Singh> "Arjan Singh")
  * [Harbaksh Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Harbaksh_Singh> "Harbaksh Singh")
  * [Kirpal Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sant_Kirpal_Singh_Ji_Maharaj> "Sant Kirpal Singh Ji Maharaj")
  * [Manmohan Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Manmohan_Singh> "Manmohan Singh")
  * [Tarlok Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tarlok_Singh_\(economist\)> "Tarlok Singh \(economist\)")
  * [Lallan Prasad Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lallan_Prasad_Singh> "Lallan Prasad Singh")
  * [Balaram Sivaraman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/B._Sivaraman> "B. Sivaraman")
  * [Chandrika Prasad Srivastava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandrika_Prasad_Srivastava> "Chandrika Prasad Srivastava")
  * [T. Swaminathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/T._Swaminathan> "T. Swaminathan")
  * [Arun Shridhar Vaidya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya> "Arun Shridhar Vaidya")
  * [Dharma Vira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dharma_Vira> "Dharma Vira")
  * [Narinder Nath Vohra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Narinder_Nath_Vohra> "Narinder Nath Vohra")

  
Literature and education| 
  * [V. S. R. Arunachalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._S._R._Arunachalam> "V. S. R. Arunachalam")
  * [Jagdish Bhagwati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati> "Jagdish Bhagwati")
  * [Satyendra Nath Bose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose> "Satyendra Nath Bose")
  * [Tara Chand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tara_Chand_\(archaeologist\)> "Tara Chand \(archaeologist\)")
  * [Suniti Kumar Chatterji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji> "Suniti Kumar Chatterji")
  * [D. P. Chattopadhyaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/D._P._Chattopadhyaya> "D. P. Chattopadhyaya")
  * [Bhabatosh Datta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhabatosh_Datta> "Bhabatosh Datta")
  * [Avinash Dixit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Avinash_Dixit> "Avinash Dixit")
  * [Mahasweta Devi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mahasweta_Devi> "Mahasweta Devi")
  * [John Kenneth Galbraith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith> "John Kenneth Galbraith")
  * [Sarvepalli Gopal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal> "Sarvepalli Gopal")
  * [Lakshman Shastri Joshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lakshman_Shastri_Joshi> "Lakshman Shastri Joshi")
  * [Kaka Kalelkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kaka_Kalelkar> "Kaka Kalelkar")
  * [Dhondo Keshav Karve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve> "Dhondo Keshav Karve")
  * [Gopinath Kaviraj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gopinath_Kaviraj> "Gopinath Kaviraj")
  * [Radheshyam Khemka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Radheshyam_Khemka> "Radheshyam Khemka")
  * [Kuvempu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kuvempu> "Kuvempu")
  * [O. N. V. Kurup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/O._N._V._Kurup> "O. N. V. Kurup")
  * [Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis> "Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis")
  * [Sitakant Mahapatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra> "Sitakant Mahapatra")
  * [John Mathai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/John_Mathai> "John Mathai")
  * [Kotha Satchidananda Murthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kotha_Satchidananda_Murthy> "Kotha Satchidananda Murthy")
  * [Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Giani_Gurmukh_Singh_Musafir> "Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir")
  * [Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Basanti_Dulal_Nagchaudhuri> "Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri")
  * [M. T. Vasudevan Nair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair> "M. T. Vasudevan Nair")
  * [Bal Ram Nanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bal_Ram_Nanda> "Bal Ram Nanda")
  * [R. K. Narayan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/R._K._Narayan> "R. K. Narayan")
  * [P. Parameswaran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/P._Parameswaran> "P. Parameswaran")
  * [Amrita Pritam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Amrita_Pritam> "Amrita Pritam")
  * [K. N. Raj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._N._Raj> "K. N. Raj")
  * [C. Rangarajan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._Rangarajan> "C. Rangarajan")
  * [Raja Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Raja_Rao> "Raja Rao")
  * [Ramoji Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ramoji_Rao> "Ramoji Rao")
  * [Hormasji Maneckji Seervai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hormasji_Maneckji_Seervai> "Hormasji Maneckji Seervai")
  * [Rajaram Shastri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajaram_Shastri> "Rajaram Shastri")
  * [Kalu Lal Shrimali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._L._Shrimali> "K. L. Shrimali")
  * [Govindbhai Shroff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Govindbhai_Shroff> "Govindbhai Shroff")
  * [Khushwant Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Khushwant_Singh> "Khushwant Singh")
  * [Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandeshwar_Prasad_Narayan_Singh> "Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh")
  * [Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Premlila_Vithaldas_Thackersey> "Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey")
  * [Mahadevi Varma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mahadevi_Varma> "Mahadevi Varma")
  * [Bashir Hussain Zaidi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bashir_Hussain_Zaidi> "Bashir Hussain Zaidi")

  
Medicine| 
  * [Jasbir Singh Bajaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jasbir_Singh_Bajaj> "Jasbir Singh Bajaj")
  * [B. K. Goyal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/B._K._Goyal> "B. K. Goyal")
  * [Purshotam Lal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Purshotam_Lal> "Purshotam Lal")
  * [A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/A._Lakshmanaswami_Mudaliar> "A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar")
  * [S. I. Padmavati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/S._I._Padmavati> "S. I. Padmavati")
  * [Autar Singh Paintal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Autar_Singh_Paintal> "Autar Singh Paintal")
  * [D. Nageshwara Reddy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/D._Nageshwara_Reddy> "D. Nageshwara Reddy")
  * [Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kantilal_Hastimal_Sancheti> "Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti")
  * [Balu Sankaran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Balu_Sankaran> "Balu Sankaran")
  * [V. Shanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._Shanta> "V. Shanta")
  * [Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vithal_Nagesh_Shirodkar> "Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar")
  * [Prakash Narain Tandon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prakash_Narain_Tandon> "Prakash Narain Tandon")
  * [Brihaspati Dev Triguna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Brihaspati_Dev_Triguna> "Brihaspati Dev Triguna")
  * [M. S. Valiathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._S._Valiathan> "M. S. Valiathan")
  * [Dilip Mahalanabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dilip_Mahalanabis> "Dilip Mahalanabis")

  
Other| 
  * [Sunderlal Bahuguna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna> "Sunderlal Bahuguna")
  * [B. K. S. Iyengar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar> "B. K. S. Iyengar")
  * [Rambhadracharya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rambhadracharya> "Rambhadracharya")
  * [Ravi Shankar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ravi_Shankar_\(spiritual_leader\)> "Ravi Shankar \(spiritual leader\)")
  * [Vishwesha Teertha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vishwesha_Teertha> "Vishwesha Teertha")
  * [Jaggi Vasudev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev> "Jaggi Vasudev")
  * [B. V. Doshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/B._V._Doshi> "B. V. Doshi")

  
Public affairs| 
  * [L. K. Advani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/L._K._Advani> "L. K. Advani")
  * [Montek Singh Ahluwalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia> "Montek Singh Ahluwalia")
  * [Aruna Asaf Ali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali> "Aruna Asaf Ali")
  * [Fazal Ali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fazal_Ali> "Fazal Ali")
  * [Adarsh Sein Anand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand> "Adarsh Sein Anand")
  * [Madhav Shrihari Aney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Madhav_Shrihari_Aney> "Madhav Shrihari Aney")
  * [Parkash Singh Badal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal> "Parkash Singh Badal")
  * [Sikander Bakht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sikander_Bakht> "Sikander Bakht")
  * [Milon K. Banerji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Milon_K._Banerji> "Milon K. Banerji")
  * [Mirza Hameedullah Beg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mirza_Hameedullah_Beg> "Mirza Hameedullah Beg")
  * [P. N. Bhagwati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/P._N._Bhagwati> "P. N. Bhagwati")
  * [Raja Chelliah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Raja_Chelliah> "Raja Chelliah")
  * [Chandra Kisan Daphtary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._K._Daphtary> "C. K. Daphtary")
  * [Niren De](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Niren_De> "Niren De")
  * [C. D. Deshmukh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._D._Deshmukh> "C. D. Deshmukh")
  * [Anthony Lancelot Dias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anthony_Lancelot_Dias> "Anthony Lancelot Dias")
  * [Uma Shankar Dikshit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit> "Uma Shankar Dikshit")
  * [Kazi Lhendup Dorjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kazi_Lhendup_Dorjee> "Kazi Lhendup Dorjee")
  * [George Fernandes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/George_Fernandes> "George Fernandes")
  * [P. B. Gajendragadkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar> "P. B. Gajendragadkar")
  * [Benjamin Gilman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Benjamin_Gilman> "Benjamin Gilman")
  * [Ismaïl Omar Guelleh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh> "Ismaïl Omar Guelleh")
  * [Zakir Husain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zakir_Husain_\(politician\)> "Zakir Husain \(politician\)")
  * [V. R. Krishna Iyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer> "V. R. Krishna Iyer")
  * [Jagmohan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jagmohan> "Jagmohan")
  * [Lakshmi Chand Jain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lakshmi_Chand_Jain> "Lakshmi Chand Jain")
  * [Arun Jaitley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arun_Jaitley> "Arun Jaitley")
  * [Aditya Nath Jha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aditya_Nath_Jha> "Aditya Nath Jha")
  * [Murli Manohar Joshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi> "Murli Manohar Joshi")
  * [Anerood Jugnauth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anerood_Jugnauth> "Anerood Jugnauth")
  * [Mehdi Nawaz Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mehdi_Nawaz_Jung> "Mehdi Nawaz Jung")
  * [Ali Yavar Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ali_Yavar_Jung> "Ali Yavar Jung")
  * [Vijay Kelkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vijay_Kelkar> "Vijay Kelkar")
  * [Hans Raj Khanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna> "Hans Raj Khanna")
  * [V. N. Khare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._N._Khare> "V. N. Khare")
  * [Jagdish Singh Khehar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jagdish_Singh_Khehar> "Jagdish Singh Khehar")
  * [Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/B._G._Kher> "B. G. Kher")
  * [Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Akhlaqur_Rahman_Kidwai> "Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai")
  * [Jivraj Narayan Mehta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jivraj_Narayan_Mehta> "Jivraj Narayan Mehta")
  * [V. K. Krishna Menon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon> "V. K. Krishna Menon")
  * [Hirendranath Mukherjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee> "Hirendranath Mukherjee")
  * [Ajoy Mukherjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ajoy_Mukherjee> "Ajoy Mukherjee")
  * [Pranab Mukherjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee> "Pranab Mukherjee")
  * [Padmaja Naidu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Padmaja_Naidu> "Padmaja Naidu")
  * [Venkaiah Naidu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu> "Venkaiah Naidu")
  * [Gulzarilal Nanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda> "Gulzarilal Nanda")
  * [Govind Narain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Govind_Narain> "Govind Narain")
  * [Fali Sam Nariman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fali_Sam_Nariman> "Fali Sam Nariman")
  * [Hosei Norota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hosei_Norota> "Hosei Norota")
  * [Nanabhoy Palkhivala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nanabhoy_Palkhivala> "Nanabhoy Palkhivala")
  * [K. Parasaran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._Parasaran> "K. Parasaran")
  * [Hari Vinayak Pataskar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hari_Vinayak_Pataskar> "Hari Vinayak Pataskar")
  * [Sunder Lal Patwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sunder_Lal_Patwa> "Sunder Lal Patwa")
  * [Sharad Pawar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sharad_Pawar> "Sharad Pawar")
  * [Naryana Raghvan Pillai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/N._R._Pillai> "N. R. Pillai")
  * [Sri Prakasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sri_Prakasa> "Sri Prakasa")
  * [N. G. Ranga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/N._G._Ranga> "N. G. Ranga")
  * [Ravi Narayana Reddy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ravi_Narayana_Reddy> "Ravi Narayana Reddy")
  * [Y. Venugopal Reddy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Y._Venugopal_Reddy> "Y. Venugopal Reddy")
  * [Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_Sadiq> "Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq")
  * [Lakshmi Sahgal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal> "Lakshmi Sahgal")
  * [P. A. Sangma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/P._A._Sangma> "P. A. Sangma")
  * [M. C. Setalvad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._C._Setalvad> "M. C. Setalvad")
  * [Kalyan Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kalyan_Singh> "Kalyan Singh")
  * [Karan Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Karan_Singh> "Karan Singh")
  * [Nagendra Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nagendra_Singh> "Nagendra Singh")
  * [Swaran Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Swaran_Singh> "Swaran Singh")
  * [Walter Sisulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Walter_Sisulu> "Walter Sisulu")
  * [Soli Sorabjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Soli_Sorabjee> "Soli Sorabjee")
  * [Kalyan Sundaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kalyan_Sundaram> "Kalyan Sundaram")
  * [Sushma Swaraj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sushma_Swaraj> "Sushma Swaraj")
  * [Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi> "Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi")
  * [Atal Bihari Vajpayee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee> "Atal Bihari Vajpayee")
  * [M. N. Venkatachaliah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._N._Venkatachaliah> "M. N. Venkatachaliah")
  * [Kottayan Katankot Venugopal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._K._Venugopal> "K. K. Venugopal")
  * [Jigme Dorji Wangchuck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck> "Jigme Dorji Wangchuck")
  * [S. M. Krishna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/S._M._Krishna> "S. M. Krishna")
  * [Mulayam Singh Yadav](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav> "Mulayam Singh Yadav")

  
Science and engineering| 
  * [V. K. Aatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._K._Aatre> "V. K. Aatre")
  * [Salim Ali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Salim_Ali> "Salim Ali")
  * [Norman Borlaug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Norman_Borlaug> "Norman Borlaug")
  * [Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar> "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar")
  * [Rajagopala Chidambaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram> "Rajagopala Chidambaram")
  * [Charles Correa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Charles_Correa> "Charles Correa")
  * [Satish Dhawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satish_Dhawan> "Satish Dhawan")
  * [Anil Kakodkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anil_Kakodkar> "Anil Kakodkar")
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
  * [Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan> "Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan")
  * [Har Gobind Khorana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana> "Har Gobind Khorana")
  * [Daulat Singh Kothari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Daulat_Singh_Kothari> "Daulat Singh Kothari")
  * [Verghese Kurien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Verghese_Kurien> "Verghese Kurien")
  * [Raghunath Anant Mashelkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar> "Raghunath Anant Mashelkar")
  * [G. Madhavan Nair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair> "G. Madhavan Nair")
  * [Roddam Narasimha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Roddam_Narasimha> "Roddam Narasimha")
  * [Jayant Narlikar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jayant_Narlikar> "Jayant Narlikar")
  * [Rajendra K. Pachauri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri> "Rajendra K. Pachauri")
  * [Benjamin Peary Pal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Benjamin_Peary_Pal> "Benjamin Peary Pal")
  * [Yash Pal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Yash_Pal> "Yash Pal")
  * [I. G. Patel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/I._G._Patel> "I. G. Patel")
  * [Venkatraman Ramakrishnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan> "Venkatraman Ramakrishnan")
  * [K. R. Ramanathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._R._Ramanathan> "K. R. Ramanathan")
  * [Raja Ramanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Raja_Ramanna> "Raja Ramanna")
  * [C. R. Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._R._Rao> "C. R. Rao")
  * [C. N. R. Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._N._R._Rao> "C. N. R. Rao")
  * [Palle Rama Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Palle_Rama_Rao> "Palle Rama Rao")
  * [Udupi Ramachandra Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao> "Udupi Ramachandra Rao")
  * [Vikram Sarabhai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai> "Vikram Sarabhai")
  * [Man Mohan Sharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Man_Mohan_Sharma> "Man Mohan Sharma")
  * [Obaid Siddiqi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Obaid_Siddiqi> "Obaid Siddiqi")
  * [E. Sreedharan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/E._Sreedharan> "E. Sreedharan")
  * [M. R. Srinivasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._R._Srinivasan> "M. R. Srinivasan")
  * [George Sudarshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan> "E. C. George Sudarshan")
  * [M. S. Swaminathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._S._Swaminathan> "M. S. Swaminathan")
  * [Narinder Singh Kapany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany> "Narinder Singh Kapany")
  * [S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan> "S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan")

  
Social work| 
  * [Baba Amte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Baba_Amte> "Baba Amte")
  * [Pandurang Shastri Athavale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale> "Pandurang Shastri Athavale")
  * [Janaki Devi Bajaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Janaki_Devi_Bajaj> "Janaki Devi Bajaj")
  * [Mirabehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mirabehn> "Mirabehn")
  * [Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay> "Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay")
  * [Durgabai Deshmukh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh> "Durgabai Deshmukh")
  * [Nanaji Deshmukh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh> "Nanaji Deshmukh")
  * [Nirmala Deshpande](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nirmala_Deshpande> "Nirmala Deshpande")
  * [Mohan Dharia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mohan_Dharia> "Mohan Dharia")
  * [U. N. Dhebar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/U._N._Dhebar> "U. N. Dhebar")
  * [Valerian Gracias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Valerian_Gracias> "Valerian Gracias")
  * [Veerendra Heggade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Veerendra_Heggade> "Veerendra Heggade")
  * [Mary Clubwala Jadhav](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mary_Clubwala_Jadhav> "Mary Clubwala Jadhav")
  * [Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gaganvihari_Lallubhai_Mehta> "Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta")
  * [Usha Mehta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Usha_Mehta> "Usha Mehta")
  * [Sister Nirmala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nirmala_Joshi> "Nirmala Joshi")
  * [Nellie Sengupta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nellie_Sengupta> "Nellie Sengupta")

  
Sports| 
  * [Viswanathan Anand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Viswanathan_Anand> "Viswanathan Anand")
  * [Edmund Hillary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Edmund_Hillary> "Edmund Hillary")
  * [Mary Kom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mary_Kom> "Mary Kom")
  * [Sachin Tendulkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar> "Sachin Tendulkar")

  
Trade and industry| 
  * [Dhirubhai Ambani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani> "Dhirubhai Ambani")
  * [Ghanshyam Das Birla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/G._D._Birla> "G. D. Birla")
  * [Ashok Sekhar Ganguly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ashok_Sekhar_Ganguly> "Ashok Sekhar Ganguly")
  * [Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aga_Khan_IV> "Aga Khan IV")
  * [Lakshmi Mittal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal> "Lakshmi Mittal")
  * [Anil Manibhai Naik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anil_Manibhai_Naik> "Anil Manibhai Naik")
  * [N. R. Narayana Murthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/N._R._Narayana_Murthy> "N. R. Narayana Murthy")
  * [M. Narasimham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._Narasimham> "M. Narasimham")
  * [Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prithvi_Raj_Singh_Oberoi> "Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi")
  * [Azim Premji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Azim_Premji> "Azim Premji")
  * [Prathap C. Reddy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prathap_C._Reddy> "Prathap C. Reddy")
  * [Osamu Suzuki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Osamu_Suzuki_\(businessman\)> "Osamu Suzuki \(businessman\)")
  * [J. R. D. Tata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/J._R._D._Tata> "J. R. D. Tata")
  * [Ratan Tata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ratan_Tata> "Ratan Tata")

  
  * [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg> "Portal") [Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Portal:India> "Portal:India")
  * ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Indian_awards_templates> "Category:Indian awards templates")
  * ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/20px-People_icon.svg.png) [WikiProject](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_India> "Wikipedia:WikiProject India")

  
show
  * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:Padma_Bhushan_Award_Recipients_1980%E2%80%931989> "Template:Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1980–1989")
  * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Bhushan_Award_Recipients_1980%E2%80%931989> "Template talk:Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1980–1989")
  * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Bhushan_Award_Recipients_1980%E2%80%931989> "Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1980–1989")

[Padma Bhushan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Padma_Bhushan> "Padma Bhushan") award recipients (1980–1989)  
---  
1980| 
  * [Sunil Gavaskar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sunil_Gavaskar> "Sunil Gavaskar")

  
1981| 
  * [Vainu Bappu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vainu_Bappu> "Vainu Bappu")
  * [Prafulla Desai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prafulla_Desai> "Prafulla Desai")
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
  * [Gopinath Mohanty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gopinath_Mohanty> "Gopinath Mohanty")
  * [Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prabhat_Kumar_Mukhopadhyaya> "Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya")
  * [Amritlal Nagar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Amritlal_Nagar> "Amritlal Nagar")
  * [Mrinal Sen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mrinal_Sen> "Mrinal Sen")
  * [Avabai Bomanji Wadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Avabai_Bomanji_Wadia> "Avabai Bomanji Wadia")

  
1982| 
  * [Jasbir Singh Bajaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jasbir_Singh_Bajaj> "Jasbir Singh Bajaj")
  * [S. Balachander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/S._Balachander> "S. Balachander")
  * [Gottipati Brahmayya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gottipati_Brahmayya> "Gottipati Brahmayya")
  * [Rani Gaidinliu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rani_Gaidinliu> "Rani Gaidinliu")
  * [Khadim Hussain Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Khadim_Hussain_Khan> "Khadim Hussain Khan")
  * [Stella Kramrisch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Stella_Kramrisch> "Stella Kramrisch")
  * [Jal Minocher Mehta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jal_Minocher_Mehta> "Jal Minocher Mehta")
  * [Grace Morley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Grace_Morley> "Grace Morley")
  * [Syed Zahoor Qasim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Syed_Zahoor_Qasim> "Syed Zahoor Qasim")
  * [Kamal Ranadive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kamal_Ranadive> "Kamal Ranadive")
  * [P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/P._N._Pattabhirama_Sastri> "P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri")
  * [Jhabarmal Sharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jhabarmal_Sharma> "Jhabarmal Sharma")
  * [Ajit Ram Verma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ajit_Ram_Verma> "Ajit Ram Verma")

  
1983| 
  * [Richard Attenborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Richard_Attenborough> "Richard Attenborough")
  * [Doraiswamy Iyengar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Doraiswamy_Iyengar> "Doraiswamy Iyengar")
  * [V. G. Jog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._G._Jog> "V. G. Jog")
  * [K. Sankaran Nair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._Sankaran_Nair> "K. Sankaran Nair")
  * [Prem Nazir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prem_Nazir> "Prem Nazir")
  * [Swraj Paul, Baron Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Swraj_Paul,_Baron_Paul> "Swraj Paul, Baron Paul")
  * [Dr. Rajkumar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dr._Rajkumar> "Dr. Rajkumar")
  * [K. G. Ramanathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._G._Ramanathan> "K. G. Ramanathan")
  * [Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kershasp_Tehmurasp_Satarawala> "Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala")
  * [Subodh Chandra Sengupta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Subodh_Chandra_Sengupta> "Subodh Chandra Sengupta")
  * [Adi M. Sethna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Adi_M._Sethna> "Adi M. Sethna")
  * [Arun Kumar Sharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arun_Kumar_Sharma> "Arun Kumar Sharma")
  * [Benudhar Sharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Benudhar_Sharma> "Benudhar Sharma")
  * [Bhalindra Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhalindra_Singh> "Bhalindra Singh")
  * [Umrao Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Umrao_Singh> "Umrao Singh")

  
1984| 
  * [Horace Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Horace_Alexander> "Horace Alexander")
  * [Michael Ferreira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Michael_Ferreira> "Michael Ferreira")
  * [Sivaji Ganesan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan> "Sivaji Ganesan")
  * [Jnan Prakash Ghosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jnan_Prakash_Ghosh> "Jnan Prakash Ghosh")
  * [Kotha Satchidananda Murthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kotha_Satchidananda_Murthy> "Kotha Satchidananda Murthy")
  * [Hosur Narasimhaiah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Hosur_Narasimhaiah> "Hosur Narasimhaiah")
  * [Sripada Pinakapani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sripada_Pinakapani> "Sripada Pinakapani")
  * [Ishwari Prasad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ishwari_Prasad> "Ishwari Prasad")
  * [B. C. Sanyal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/B._C._Sanyal> "B. C. Sanyal")
  * [Marie Seton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Marie_Seton> "Marie Seton")
  * [Archana Sharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Archana_Sharma_\(botanist\)> "Archana Sharma \(botanist\)")
  * [Obaid Siddiqi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Obaid_Siddiqi> "Obaid Siddiqi")
  * [Natwar Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Natwar_Singh> "Natwar Singh")
  * [Ganda Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ganda_Singh_\(historian\)> "Ganda Singh \(historian\)")
  * [Vijay Tendulkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vijay_Tendulkar> "Vijay Tendulkar")
  * [Baldev Upadhyaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Baldev_Upadhyaya> "Baldev Upadhyaya")

  
1985| 
  * [Durga Das Basu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Durga_Das_Basu> "Durga Das Basu")
  * [Shiba P. Chatterjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Shiba_P._Chatterjee> "Shiba P. Chatterjee")
  * [Eknath Vasant Chitnis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Eknath_Vasant_Chitnis> "Eknath Vasant Chitnis")
  * [Virender Lal Chopra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Virender_Lal_Chopra> "Virender Lal Chopra")
  * [Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gurbaksh_Singh_Dhillon> "Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon")
  * [Santidev Ghosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Santidev_Ghosh> "Santidev Ghosh")
  * [Bhimsen Joshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi> "Bhimsen Joshi")
  * [Tribhuvandas Luhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tribhuvandas_Luhar> "Tribhuvandas Luhar")
  * [Sadat Abul Masud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sadat_Abul_Masud> "Sadat Abul Masud")
  * [Kalanidhi Narayanan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kalanidhi_Narayanan> "Kalanidhi Narayanan")
  * [Bernard Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bernard_Peters> "Bernard Peters")
  * [Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Thakazhi_Sivasankara_Pillai> "Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai")
  * [Gopala Ramanujam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gopala_Ramanujam> "Gopala Ramanujam")
  * [S. Ramaseshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/S._Ramaseshan> "S. Ramaseshan")
  * [Vuppuluri Ganapathi Sastry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vuppuluri_Ganapathi_Sastry> "Vuppuluri Ganapathi Sastry")
  * Amarjit Singh
  * [Gurbachan Singh Talib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gurbachan_Singh_Talib> "Gurbachan Singh Talib")
  * [Bhalchandra Udgaonkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhalchandra_Udgaonkar> "Bhalchandra Udgaonkar")
  * [Srinivasan Varadarajan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Srinivasan_Varadarajan> "Srinivasan Varadarajan")

  
1986| 
  * [Pushpa Mittra Bhargava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pushpa_Mittra_Bhargava> "Pushpa Mittra Bhargava")
  * [Ela Bhatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ela_Bhatt> "Ela Bhatt")
  * [Manohar Lal Chibber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Manohar_Lal_Chibber> "Manohar Lal Chibber")
  * [Nasir Aminuddin Dagar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nasir_Aminuddin_Dagar> "Nasir Aminuddin Dagar")
  * [V. Krishnamurthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._Krishnamurthy> "V. Krishnamurthy")
  * [Jean Riboud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Jean_Riboud> "Jean Riboud")
  * [Sidney Dillon Ripley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sidney_Dillon_Ripley> "Sidney Dillon Ripley")
  * [Rajeev Sethi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajeev_Sethi> "Rajeev Sethi")
  * [Martand Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Martand_Singh> "Martand Singh")
  * [C. Venkataraman Sundaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/C._Venkataraman_Sundaram> "C. Venkataraman Sundaram")
  * [Badri Nath Tandon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Badri_Nath_Tandon> "Badri Nath Tandon")
  * [Gulshan Lal Tandon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gulshan_Lal_Tandon> "Gulshan Lal Tandon")
  * [R. K. Trivedi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/R._K._Trivedi> "R. K. Trivedi")

  
1987| 
  * [Balamani Amma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Balamani_Amma> "Balamani Amma")
  * [Kishori Amonkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kishori_Amonkar> "Kishori Amonkar")
  * [Nikhil Banerjee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nikhil_Banerjee> "Nikhil Banerjee")
  * [Roddam Narasimha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Roddam_Narasimha> "Roddam Narasimha")
  * [R. D. Pradhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/R._D._Pradhan> "R. D. Pradhan")
  * [Annada Shankar Ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Annada_Shankar_Ray> "Annada Shankar Ray")
  * [Julio Ribeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Julio_Ribeiro_\(police_officer\)> "Julio Ribeiro \(police officer\)")
  * [Man Mohan Sharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Man_Mohan_Sharma> "Man Mohan Sharma")
  * [Laxmi Prasad Sihare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Laxmi_Prasad_Sihare> "Laxmi Prasad Sihare")
  * [Farokh Udwadia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Farokh_Udwadia> "Farokh Udwadia")
  * [Mohammad Yunus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mohammad_Yunus_\(diplomat\)> "Mohammad Yunus \(diplomat\)")

  
1988| 
  * [19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/19th_Kushok_Bakula_Rinpoche> "19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche")
  * [Ram Prakash Bambah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ram_Prakash_Bambah> "Ram Prakash Bambah")
  * [Kartar Singh Duggal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kartar_Singh_Duggal> "Kartar Singh Duggal")
  * [Ashok Sekhar Ganguly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ashok_Sekhar_Ganguly> "Ashok Sekhar Ganguly")
  * [Abid Hussain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Abid_Hussain> "Abid Hussain")
  * [Shreyans Prasad Jain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Shreyans_Prasad_Jain> "Shreyans Prasad Jain")
  * [Kelucharan Mohapatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra> "Kelucharan Mohapatra")
  * [Bal Ram Nanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bal_Ram_Nanda> "Bal Ram Nanda")
  * [Akkineni Nageswara Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao> "Akkineni Nageswara Rao")
  * [Pratury Trirumala Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pratury_Trirumala_Rao> "Pratury Trirumala Rao")
  * [Renuka Ray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Renuka_Ray> "Renuka Ray")
  * [B. V. Sreekantan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/B._V._Sreekantan> "B. V. Sreekantan")
  * [Satya Pal Wahi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satya_Pal_Wahi> "Satya Pal Wahi")

  
1989| 
  * [Fenner Brockway, Baron Brockway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fenner_Brockway,_Baron_Brockway> "Fenner Brockway, Baron Brockway")
  * [Banoo Jehangir Coyaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Banoo_Jehangir_Coyaji> "Banoo Jehangir Coyaji")
  * [Girija Devi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Girija_Devi> "Girija Devi")
  * [K. K. Hebbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K._K._Hebbar> "K. K. Hebbar")
  * [Girilal Jain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Girilal_Jain> "Girilal Jain")
  * [Anna Rajam Malhotra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anna_Rajam_Malhotra> "Anna Rajam Malhotra")
  * [M. V. Mathur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M._V._Mathur> "M. V. Mathur")
  * [Ashesh Prosad Mitra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ashesh_Prosad_Mitra> "Ashesh Prosad Mitra")
  * [Russi Mody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Russi_Mody> "Russi Mody")
  * [Suresh Shankar Nadkarni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Suresh_Shankar_Nadkarni> "Suresh Shankar Nadkarni")
  * [Narinder Singh Randhawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Narinder_Singh_Randhawa> "Narinder Singh Randhawa")
  * [Yoshio Sakurauchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Yoshio_Sakurauchi> "Yoshio Sakurauchi")
  * [Lakshman Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lakshman_Singh_\(Scouting\)> "Lakshman Singh \(Scouting\)")
  * [Prakash Narain Tandon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prakash_Narain_Tandon> "Prakash Narain Tandon")

  
# Posthumous conferral 
  * [1954–1959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_\(1954%E2%80%931959\)> "List of Padma Bhushan award recipients \(1954–1959\)")
  * [1960–1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_\(1960%E2%80%931969\)> "List of Padma Bhushan award recipients \(1960–1969\)")
  * [1970–1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_\(1970%E2%80%931979\)> "List of Padma Bhushan award recipients \(1970–1979\)")
  * [1980–1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_\(1980%E2%80%931989\)> "List of Padma Bhushan award recipients \(1980–1989\)")
  * [1990–1999](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_\(1990%E2%80%931999\)> "List of Padma Bhushan award recipients \(1990–1999\)")
  * [2000–2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_\(2000%E2%80%932009\)> "List of Padma Bhushan award recipients \(2000–2009\)")
  * [2010–2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_\(2010%E2%80%932019\)> "List of Padma Bhushan award recipients \(2010–2019\)")
  * [2020–2029](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_\(2020%E2%80%932029\)> "List of Padma Bhushan award recipients \(2020–2029\)")

  
show
  * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation> "Template:Defence Research and Development Organisation")
  * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template_talk:Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation> "Template talk:Defence Research and Development Organisation")
  * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation> "Special:EditPage/Template:Defence Research and Development Organisation")

[Defence Research and Development Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation> "Defence Research and Development Organisation") (DRDO)  
---  
[Aeronautics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aeronautics> "Aeronautics")| | [Avionics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Avionics> "Avionics")| 
  * [Tejas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/HAL_Tejas> "HAL Tejas")
  * [Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Advanced_Medium_Combat_Aircraft> "Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft")

  
---|---  
Other HAL programmes| 
  * [HJT-36](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/HAL_HJT-36> "HAL HJT-36")
  * [HTT-40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/HAL_HTT-40> "HAL HTT-40")
  * [Dhruv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/HAL_Dhruv> "HAL Dhruv")
  * [Rudra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/HAL_Rudra> "HAL Rudra")
  * [Prachand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/HAL_Prachand> "HAL Prachand")
  * [Light Utility Helicopter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/HAL_Light_Utility_Helicopter> "HAL Light Utility Helicopter")

  
[Unmanned aerial vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle> "Unmanned aerial vehicle")| 
  * [Nishant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Nishant> "DRDO Nishant")
  * [Rustom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Rustom> "DRDO Rustom")
  * [Lakshya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Lakshya> "DRDO Lakshya")
  * [Kapothaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Kapothaka> "DRDO Kapothaka")
  * [Ulka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Ulka> "DRDO Ulka")
  * [Fluffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Fluffy> "DRDO Fluffy")
  * [Ghatak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Ghatak> "DRDO Ghatak")
  * [Imperial Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Imperial_Eagle> "DRDO Imperial Eagle")
  * [Netra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Netra> "DRDO Netra")
  * [Pawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO/IAI_Pawan> "DRDO/IAI Pawan")

  
Armaments| | Small arms| 
  * [INSAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/INSAS_rifle> "INSAS rifle")
  * [Vidhwansak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vidhwansak> "Vidhwansak")
  * [Joint Venture Protective Carbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Joint_Venture_Protective_Carbine> "Joint Venture Protective Carbine") (JVPC)
  * [Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Multi_Caliber_Individual_Weapon_System> "Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System") (MCIWS)
  * [ASMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ASMI> "ASMI")

  
---|---  
[Artillery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Artillery> "Artillery"), ammunition| 
  * [Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pinaka_multi-barrel_rocket_launcher> "Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher")
  * [M-46 Catapult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/M-46_Catapult> "M-46 Catapult")
  * [Bhim-T6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhim_self-propelled_howitzer> "Bhim self-propelled howitzer")
  * [ATAGS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Advanced_towed_artillery_gun_system> "Advanced towed artillery gun system")

  
[Armoured fightingvehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle> "Armoured fighting vehicle")| | [Tanks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tank> "Tank")| 
  * [Arjun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arjun_\(tank\)> "Arjun \(tank\)")
  * [Arjun Mk-II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Arjun_\(tank\)#Arjun_Mk-II> "Arjun \(tank\)")
  * [Tank EX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tank_EX> "Tank EX")
  * [DRDO light tank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_light_tank> "DRDO light tank")
  * [Zorawar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Zorawar_\(tank\)> "Zorawar \(tank\)")

  
---|---  
[Infantry fighting vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle> "Infantry fighting vehicle")| 
  * [Abhay IFV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Abhay_IFV> "Abhay IFV")

  
Other vehicles| 
  * [Carrier Mortar Tracked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Carrier_Mortar_Tracked> "Carrier Mortar Tracked")
  * [Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Armoured_Engineer_Reconnaissance_Vehicle> "Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle")
  * [Light Armoured Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/VRDE_Light_Armoured_Vehicle> "VRDE Light Armoured Vehicle")
  * [Kartik BLT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kartik_BLT> "Kartik BLT")
  * [Daksh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Daksh> "DRDO Daksh")

  
[Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Electronics> "Electronics"),[computer science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Computer_science> "Computer science")| | Electronic warfare| 
  * [Samyukta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Samyukta_electronic_warfare_system> "Samyukta electronic warfare system")
  * [Tarang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Radar_warning_receiver> "Radar warning receiver")

  
---|---  
[Radars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Radar> "Radar")| | Search| 
  * [INDRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Doppler_Radar> "Indian Doppler Radar")
  * [Swathi WLR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Swathi_Weapon_Locating_Radar> "Swathi Weapon Locating Radar")
  * [BFSR-SR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/BEL_Battle_Field_Surveillance_Radar> "BEL Battle Field Surveillance Radar")
  * [3D-CAR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Central_Acquisition_Radar_\(3D-CAR\)> "Central Acquisition Radar \(3D-CAR\)")
  * ADTCR
  * Bharani LLLR
  * Arudhra MPR

  
---|---  
[Fire-control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Fire-control_system> "Fire-control system")| 
  * [Swordfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Swordfish_Long_Range_Tracking_Radar> "Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar")
  * [Rajendra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rajendra_Radar> "Rajendra Radar")
  * [BMFR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/QRSAM> "QRSAM")
  * Atulya ADFCR

  
Airborne| 
  * [LCA MMR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/HAL_Tejas#Radar> "HAL Tejas")
  * [SV-2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation#Radars> "Defence Research and Development Organisation")
  * [Netra AEW&CS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_AEW%26CS> "DRDO AEW&CS")
  * [Uttam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Uttam_AESA_Radar> "Uttam AESA Radar")

  
[Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Software> "Software")| 
  * [NETRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_NETRA> "DRDO NETRA")

  
[Missile systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Indian_military_missiles> "List of Indian military missiles")| | [Ballistic missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ballistic_missile> "Ballistic missile")| | [Agni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agni_\(missile\)> "Agni \(missile\)")| 
  * [Agni-I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agni-I> "Agni-I")
  * [Agni-II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agni-II> "Agni-II")
  * [Agni-III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agni-III> "Agni-III")
  * [Agni-IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agni-IV> "Agni-IV")
  * [Agni-V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agni-V> "Agni-V")
  * [Agni-VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agni-VI> "Agni-VI")
  * [Agni-P](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Agni-P> "Agni-P")

  
---|---  
[Prithvi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prithvi_missile> "Prithvi missile")| 
  * [I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prithvi_missile#Prithvi_I> "Prithvi missile")
  * [II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prithvi_missile#Prithvi_II> "Prithvi missile")
  * [III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prithvi_missile#Prithvi_III> "Prithvi missile")
  * [Dhanush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Integrated_Guided_Missile_Development_Program#Dhanush_.28prithvi_III_missile.29> "Integrated Guided Missile Development Program")

  
[SRBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile> "Short-range ballistic missile")| 
  * [Shaurya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Shaurya_\(missile\)> "Shaurya \(missile\)")
  * [Prahaar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Prahaar_\(missile\)> "Prahaar \(missile\)")
  * [Pralay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pralay_\(missile\)> "Pralay \(missile\)")

  
[SLBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile> "Submarine-launched ballistic missile")| 
  * [K-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sagarika_\(missile\)> "Sagarika \(missile\)")
  * [K-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K_Missile_family#K-4_Missile> "K Missile family")
  * [K-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/K_Missile_family#K-5_Missile> "K Missile family")

  
[Cruise missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Cruise_missile> "Cruise missile")| 
  * [Nirbhay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nirbhay_missile> "Nirbhay missile")
  * [BrahMos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/BrahMos> "BrahMos")
    * [II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/BrahMos-II> "BrahMos-II")
  * [HSTDV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/HSTDV> "HSTDV")

  
[Anti-ship missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anti-ship_missile> "Anti-ship missile")| 
  * [NASM-SR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/NASM-SR> "NASM-SR")
  * [NASM-MR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/NASM-MR> "NASM-MR")
  * [Long Range – Anti Ship Missile (India)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Long_Range_%E2%80%93_Anti_Ship_Missile_\(India\)> "Long Range – Anti Ship Missile \(India\)")

  
[Air-to-air missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Air-to-air_missile> "Air-to-air missile")| 
  * [Astra BVRAAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Astra_missile> "Astra missile")

  
[Anti-tank missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile> "Anti-tank guided missile")| 
  * [DRDO Anti Tank Missile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Anti_Tank_Missile> "DRDO Anti Tank Missile")
  * [MPATGM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/MPATGM> "MPATGM")
  * [Nag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nag_\(missile\)> "Nag \(missile\)")

  
[Surface-to-air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Surface-to-air_missile> "Surface-to-air missile")| 
  * [Akash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Akash_missile> "Akash missile")
  * [Akash-NG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Akash-NG> "Akash-NG")
  * [Trishul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Trishul_\(missile\)> "Trishul \(missile\)")
  * [Barak 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Barak_8> "Barak 8")
  * [QRSAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/QRSAM> "QRSAM")
  * [VL-SRSAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/VL-SRSAM> "VL-SRSAM")

  
[Air-to-surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Air-to-surface_missile> "Air-to-surface missile")| 
  * [BrahMos-A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/BrahMos#Variants> "BrahMos")
  * [Helina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Nag_\(missile\)#Variants> "Nag \(missile\)")
  * [Rudram-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rudram-1_\(missile\)> "Rudram-1 \(missile\)")

  
[Anti-ballistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile> "Anti-ballistic missile")| 
  * [Prithvi Air Defence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Air_Defence_\(PAD\)> "Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme") (PAD)
  * [Advanced Air Defence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Advanced_Air_Defence_\(AAD\)> "Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme") (AAD)
  * [PDV Mk.2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2> "Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme")

  
[Anti-submarine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Anti-submarine_missile> "Anti-submarine missile")| 
  * [SMART](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/SMART_\(missile\)> "SMART \(missile\)")

  
[Torpedoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Torpedo> "Torpedo")| 
  * [TAL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Advanced_Light_Torpedo_Shyena> "Advanced Light Torpedo Shyena")
  * ALWT
  * [Varunastra HWT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Varunastra_\(Torpedo\)> "Varunastra \(Torpedo\)")

  
[Bombs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bomb> "Bomb")| | [Precision guided](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Precision-guided_munition> "Precision-guided munition")| 
  * [Sudarshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Sudarshan_laser-guided_bomb> "Sudarshan laser-guided bomb")
  * [Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Smart_Anti-Airfield_Weapon> "DRDO Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon")
  * [PG-HSLD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/High_Speed_Low_Drag_Bomb> "High Speed Low Drag Bomb")

  
---|---  
General purpose| 
  * [HSLD-100/250/450/500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/High_Speed_Low_Drag_Bomb> "High Speed Low Drag Bomb")

  
People| | Scientists| 
  * Maj General [Ranjit Lal Jetley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ranjit_Lal_Jetley> "Ranjit Lal Jetley")
  * [Ram Narain Agarwal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ram_Narain_Agarwal> "Ram Narain Agarwal")
  * A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
  * [A. Sivathanu Pillai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/A._Sivathanu_Pillai> "A. Sivathanu Pillai")
  * [W Selvamurthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/W_Selvamurthy> "W Selvamurthy")
  * [V. K. Saraswat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._K._Saraswat> "V. K. Saraswat")
  * [V. K. Aatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._K._Aatre> "V. K. Aatre")
  * [Raja Ramanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Raja_Ramanna> "Raja Ramanna")
  * [V. S. Mahalingam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/V._S._Mahalingam> "V. S. Mahalingam")
  * [Keshav Dattatreya Nayak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Keshav_Dattatreya_Nayak> "Keshav Dattatreya Nayak")
  * [Tessy Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Tessy_Thomas> "Tessy Thomas")
  * [Shashikala Sinha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Shashikala_Sinha> "Shashikala Sinha")
  * [Ipsita Biswas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ipsita_Biswas> "Ipsita Biswas")
  * [S. P. Chakravarti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/S._P._Chakravarti> "S. P. Chakravarti")
  * [Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Waman_Dattatreya_Patwardhan> "Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan")

  
---|---  
Engines| 
  * [GTX 37-14U](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gas_Turbine_Research_Establishment#Products> "Gas Turbine Research Establishment")
  * [GTX-35VS Kaveri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/GTRE_GTX-35VS_Kaveri> "GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri")
  * [Kaveri Marine Gas Turbine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gas_Turbine_Research_Establishment#Kaveri_Marine_Gas_Turbine_\(KMGT\)> "Gas Turbine Research Establishment")
  * [GATET engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation#GATET_engine> "Defence Research and Development Organisation")

  
Important programmes| 
  * [Project Indigo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Project_Indigo> "Project Indigo")
  * [Project Valiant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Project_Valiant> "Project Valiant")
  * [Project Devil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Project_Devil> "Project Devil")
  * [IGMDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Integrated_Guided_Missile_Development_Programme> "Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme")
  * [Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme> "Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme")
  * [DYSLs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/DRDO_Young_Scientist_Laboratories> "DRDO Young Scientist Laboratories")

  
  * [Indian Missile Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Integrated_Guided_Missile_Development_Programme> "Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme")
  * [Indian Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces> "Indian Armed Forces")

  
show
  * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:Indian_Department_of_Space> "Template:Indian Department of Space")
  * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Department_of_Space> "Template talk:Indian Department of Space")
  * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Department_of_Space> "Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Department of Space")

[![India](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India> "India") [Indian space programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_space_programme> "Indian space programme")  
---  
  * [Department of Space (DoS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Department_of_Space> "Department of Space")

  
Organisations| 
  * [Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation> "Indian Space Research Organisation")
  * [Antrix Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Antrix_Corporation> "Antrix Corporation")
  * [Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology> "Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology")
  * [Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing> "Indian Institute of Remote Sensing")
  * [National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Atmospheric_Research_Laboratory> "National Atmospheric Research Laboratory")
  * [NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited> "NewSpace India Limited")
  * [Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory> "Physical Research Laboratory")
  * [Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit> "Development and Educational Communication Unit")
  * [Integrated Space Cell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Integrated_Space_Cell> "Integrated Space Cell")
  * [Defence Space Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Defence_Space_Agency> "Defence Space Agency")
  * [Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_National_Space_Promotion_and_Authorisation_Centre> "Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre")

| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/120px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/File:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg>)  
Programmes| 
  * [Bhaskara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bhaskara_\(satellite\)> "Bhaskara \(satellite\)")
  * [GAGAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation> "GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation")
  * [GSAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/GSAT> "GSAT")
  * [INSAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System> "Indian National Satellite System")
  * [IRNSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System> "Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System")
  * [IRS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme> "Indian Remote Sensing Programme")
    * [Cartosat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Cartosat> "Cartosat")
  * [RISAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/RISAT> "RISAT")
  * [Rohini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rohini_\(satellite\)> "Rohini \(satellite\)")
  * [SROSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series> "Stretched Rohini Satellite Series")
  * [Chandrayaan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandrayaan_programme> "Chandrayaan programme")
  * [Human Spaceflight Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme> "Indian Human Spaceflight Programme")

  
Satellites| 
  * [APPLE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experiment> "Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment")
  * [Aryabhata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aryabhata_\(satellite\)> "Aryabhata \(satellite\)")
  * [HAMSAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/HAMSAT> "HAMSAT")
  * [IMS-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/IMS-1> "IMS-1")
  * [Megha-Tropiques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Megha-Tropiques> "Megha-Tropiques")
  * [NISAR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/NISAR_\(satellite\)> "NISAR \(satellite\)")
  * [SARAL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/SARAL> "SARAL")
  * [South Asia Satellite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/South_Asia_Satellite> "South Asia Satellite")
  * [Kalpana-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kalpana-1> "Kalpana-1")

  
Space observatories| 
  * [Astrosat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Astrosat> "Astrosat")
  * [Aditya-L1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Aditya-L1> "Aditya-L1")
  * [XPoSat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/XPoSat> "XPoSat")
  * [AstroSat-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/AstroSat-2> "AstroSat-2") (proposed)

  
Lunar andplanetary spacecraft| 
  * [Chandrayaan-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandrayaan-1> "Chandrayaan-1")
    * [Moon Impact Probe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe> "Moon Impact Probe")
  * [Chandrayaan-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandrayaan-2> "Chandrayaan-2")
    * [_Vikram_ lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander> "Chandrayaan-2")
    * [_Pragyan_ rover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pragyan_\(Chandrayaan-2\)> "Pragyan \(Chandrayaan-2\)")
  * [Chandrayaan-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandrayaan-3> "Chandrayaan-3")
    * [_Vikram_ lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Lander> "Chandrayaan-3")
    * [_Pragyan_ rover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pragyan_\(Chandrayaan-3\)> "Pragyan \(Chandrayaan-3\)")
  * [Chandrayaan-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Chandrayaan-4> "Chandrayaan-4") (upcoming)
  * [Lunar Polar Exploration Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission> "Lunar Polar Exploration Mission") (proposed)
  * [Mars Orbiter Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission> "Mars Orbiter Mission")
  * [Mars Orbiter Mission 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2> "Mars Orbiter Mission 2") (proposed)
  * [Venus Orbiter Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission> "Venus Orbiter Mission") (proposed)

  
Human spaceflight| 
  * [Indian human spaceflight programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_human_spaceflight_programme> "Indian human spaceflight programme")
    * [SRE-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment> "Space Capsule Recovery Experiment")
    * _[SRE-II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment_II> "Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II")_
  * _[Gaganyaan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Gaganyaan> "Gaganyaan")_
    * [CARE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment> "Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment")
  * [ISRO Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISRO_Space_Station> "ISRO Space Station") (proposed)

  
[Launch vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Launch_vehicle> "Launch vehicle")| | Active| 
  * Orbital 
    * [PSLV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle> "Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle")
      * [Launches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches> "List of PSLV launches")
    * [GSLV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle> "Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle")
      * [Launches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_GSLV_launches> "List of GSLV launches")
    * [LVM3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/LVM3> "LVM3")
      * [Launches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_LVM3_launches> "List of LVM3 launches")
    * [SSLV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle> "Small Satellite Launch Vehicle")
      * [Launches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_SSLV_launches> "List of SSLV launches")
  * Suborbital 
    * [Rohini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Rohini_\(rocket_family\)> "Rohini \(rocket family\)")
    * [ATV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Advanced_Technology_Vehicle> "Advanced Technology Vehicle")

  
---|---  
In development| 
  * [RLV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/RLV_Technology_Demonstration_Programme> "RLV Technology Demonstration Programme")
  * [NGLV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle> "Next Generation Launch Vehicle")

  
Retired| 
  * [SLV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle> "Satellite Launch Vehicle")
  * [ASLV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle> "Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle")

  
Engines| | Active| 
  * [CE-7.5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/CE-7.5> "CE-7.5")
  * [CE-20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/CE-20> "CE-20")
  * [Vikas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vikas_\(rocket_engine\)> "Vikas \(rocket engine\)")

  
---|---  
In development| 
  * [SCE-200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/SCE-200> "SCE-200")

  
[Spaceports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Spaceport> "Spaceport")| 
  * [Satish Dhawan Space Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre> "Satish Dhawan Space Centre")
  * [Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station> "Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station")


  * under development 
    * [Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport> "Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport")

  
Research facilities| 
  * [Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre> "Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre")
  * [U R Rao Satellite Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre> "U R Rao Satellite Centre")
  * [Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre> "Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre")
  * [ISRO Propulsion Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex> "ISRO Propulsion Complex")
  * [Space Applications Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Space_Applications_Centre> "Space Applications Centre")
  * [ISRO Inertial Systems Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unit> "ISRO Inertial Systems Unit")
  * [Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systems> "Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems")
  * [Human Space Flight Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Human_Space_Flight_Centre> "Human Space Flight Centre")
  * [Development and Educational Communication Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit> "Development and Educational Communication Unit")

  
Communications| 
  * [Indian Deep Space Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network> "Indian Deep Space Network")
  * [Indian Space Science Data Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre> "Indian Space Science Data Centre")
  * [ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network> "ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network")
  * [Master Control Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Master_Control_Facility_\(ISRO\)> "Master Control Facility \(ISRO\)")
  * [National Remote Sensing Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre> "National Remote Sensing Centre")

  
Legislation and policy| 
  * [Space Activities Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Space_Activities_Bill> "Space Activities Bill")

  
Private companies| 
  * [Pixxel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Pixxel> "Pixxel")
  * [Skyroot Aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Skyroot_Aerospace> "Skyroot Aerospace")
  * [Satellize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Satellize> "Satellize")
  * [AgniKul Cosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/AgniKul_Cosmos> "AgniKul Cosmos")
  * [Dhruva Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Dhruva_Space> "Dhruva Space")
  * [Bellatrix Aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Bellatrix_Aerospace> "Bellatrix Aerospace")
  * [TeamIndus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/TeamIndus> "TeamIndus")

  
Related| 
  * [National Space Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/National_Space_Day> "National Space Day")
  * [SAGA-220](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/SAGA-220> "SAGA-220") (supercomputer)
  * [Statio Shiv Shakti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Statio_Shiv_Shakti> "Statio Shiv Shakti")
  * [RESPOND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/RESPOND> "RESPOND")

  
  * [List of Indian satellites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites> "List of Indian satellites")
  * [List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches> "List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches")
  * [List of ISRO missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions> "List of ISRO missions")
  * [List of ISRO chairpersons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Indian_Space_Research_Organisation> "List of chairmen of the Indian Space Research Organisation")

  
show
  * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "Template:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
  * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Template_talk:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "Template talk:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
  * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "Special:EditPage/Template:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam ([presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Presidency_of_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam"))  
---  
Works| 
  * _[Ignited Minds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Ignited_Minds> "Ignited Minds")_
  * _[India 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/India_2020> "India 2020")_
  * _[Indomitable Spirit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Indomitable_Spirit> "Indomitable Spirit")_
  * _[Wings of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Wings_of_Fire_\(autobiography\)> "Wings of Fire \(autobiography\)")_
  * _[Target 3 Billion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Target_3_Billion> "Target 3 Billion")_
  * _[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Transcendence:_My_Spiritual_Experiences_with_Pramukh_Swamiji> "Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji")_

  
show[Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Help:Authority_control> "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9513#identifiers> "Edit this at Wikidata")  
---  
International| 
  * [ISNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/isni.org/isni/0000000081281158>)
  * [VIAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/viaf.org/viaf/49404258>)
  * [GND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/d-nb.info/gnd/124468047>)
  * [FAST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/id.worldcat.org/fast/425271>)
  * [WorldCat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkTdTRgtvvyqdmYVBtHYP>)

  
National| 
  * [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/id.loc.gov/authorities/n98925888>)
  * [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13756488m>)
  * [BnF data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13756488m>)
  * [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01087382>)
  * [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V664419>)
  * [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an41505655>)
  * [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20191046986&CON_LNG=ENG>)
  * [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<http:/data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p326558217>)
  * [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000249375&P_CON_LNG=ENG>)
  * [Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200902737>)
  * [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007373474905171>)
  * [Catalonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058526218806706>)

  
Academics| 
  * [CiNii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1377646X?l=en>)

  
People| 
  * [Trove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/trove.nla.gov.au/people/1440106>)

  
Other| 
  * [IdRef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/www.idref.fr/061027200>)
  * [Yale LUX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/dd4e91c7-1c46-4042-8c7a-d81d6dc09a2c>)

  
Retrieved from "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam&oldid=1309854284](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<https:/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam&oldid=1309854284>)"
[Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Help:Category> "Help:Category"): 
  * [A. P. J. Abdul Kalam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam> "Category:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam")
  * [1931 births](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:1931_births> "Category:1931 births")
  * [2015 deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:2015_deaths> "Category:2015 deaths")
  * [Defence Research and Development Organisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation> "Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation")
  * [Indian aerospace engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Indian_aerospace_engineers> "Category:Indian aerospace engineers")
  * [Indian Space Research Organisation people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_people> "Category:Indian Space Research Organisation people")
  * [21st-century Indian Muslims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:21st-century_Indian_Muslims> "Category:21st-century Indian Muslims")
  * [Madras Institute of Technology alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Madras_Institute_of_Technology_alumni> "Category:Madras Institute of Technology alumni")
  * [People from Ramanathapuram district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:People_from_Ramanathapuram_district> "Category:People from Ramanathapuram district")
  * [Recipients of the Bharat Ratna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Bharat_Ratna> "Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna")
  * [Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Padma_Bhushan_in_civil_service> "Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service")
  * [Presidents of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Presidents_of_India> "Category:Presidents of India")
  * [Engineers from Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Engineers_from_Tamil_Nadu> "Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu")
  * [Tamil engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Tamil_engineers> "Category:Tamil engineers")
  * [Tamil Muslims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Tamil_Muslims> "Category:Tamil Muslims")
  * [Tamil poets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:Tamil_poets> "Category:Tamil poets")
  * [University of Madras alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:University_of_Madras_alumni> "Category:University of Madras alumni")
  * [St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</wiki/Category:St_Joseph%27s_College,_Tiruchirappalli_alumni> "Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni")
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A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
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