[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#bodyContent>) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation * [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Visit the main page \[alt-z\]") * [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") * [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Articles related to current events") * [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Visit a randomly selected article \[alt-x\]") * [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") * [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute * [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") * [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") * [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "The hub for editors") * [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia \[alt-r\]") * [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") * [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) [ ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg) ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) [ Search ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Search Wikipedia \[alt-f\]") Search Appearance Appearance move to sidebar hide Text * Small Standard Large This page always uses small font size Width * Standard Wide The content is as wide as possible for your browser window. Color (beta) * Automatic Light Dark This page is always in light mode. * [Donate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") * [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. \[alt-o\]") Personal tools * [Donate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [ Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") * [ Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. \[alt-o\]") Pages for logged out editors [learn more](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [Contributions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "A list of edits made from this IP address \[alt-y\]") * [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Discussion about edits from this IP address \[alt-n\]") Toggle the table of contents ## Contents move to sidebar hide * [ (Top) ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#>) * [ 1 Early life ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Early_life>) * [ 2 Ancestry ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Ancestry>) * [ 3 Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Conflict_with_Bijapur_Sultanate>) Toggle Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate subsection * [ 3.1 Background and context ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Background_and_context>) * [ 3.2 Independent generalship ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Independent_generalship>) * [ 3.3 Combat with Afzal Khan ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Combat_with_Afzal_Khan>) * [ 3.4 Siege of Panhala ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Siege_of_Panhala>) * [ 3.5 Battle of Pavan Khind ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Battle_of_Pavan_Khind>) * [ 4 Conflict with the Mughals ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Conflict_with_the_Mughals>) Toggle Conflict with the Mughals subsection * [ 4.1 Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Attacks_on_Shaista_Khan_and_Surat>) * [ 4.2 Treaty of Purandar ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Treaty_of_Purandar>) * [ 4.3 Arrest in Agra and escape ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Arrest_in_Agra_and_escape>) * [ 4.4 Peace with the Mughals ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Peace_with_the_Mughals>) * [ 5 Resumption of hostilities ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Resumption_of_hostilities>) Toggle Resumption of hostilities subsection * [ 5.1 Battles of Umrani and Nesari ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Battles_of_Umrani_and_Nesari>) * [ 6 Coronation ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Coronation>) * [ 7 Conquest in southern India ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Conquest_in_southern_India>) * [ 8 Death and succession ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Death_and_succession>) * [ 9 Governance ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Governance>) Toggle Governance subsection * [ 9.1 Ashta Pradhan Mandal ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Ashta_Pradhan_Mandal>) * [ 9.2 Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Promotion_of_Marathi_and_Sanskrit>) * [ 9.3 Religious policy ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Religious_policy>) * [ 9.3.1 Ramdas ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Ramdas>) * [ 9.4 Seal ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Seal>) * [ 10 Modes of warfare ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Modes_of_warfare>) Toggle Modes of warfare subsection * [ 10.1 Military ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Military>) * [ 10.2 Hill forts ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Hill_forts>) * [ 10.3 Navy ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Navy>) * [ 11 Legacy ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Legacy>) Toggle Legacy subsection * [ 11.1 Contemporaneous view ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Contemporaneous_view>) * [ 11.2 Early depictions ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Early_depictions>) * [ 11.3 Nineteenth century ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Nineteenth_century>) * [ 11.4 Post independence ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Post_independence>) * [ 11.4.1 Political parties ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Political_parties>) * [ 11.5 Controversies related to Shivaji's depiction ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Controversies_related_to_Shivaji's_depiction>) * [ 12 Commemorations ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Commemorations>) * [ 13 Sources ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Sources>) Toggle Sources subsection * [ 13.1 Notes ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Notes>) * [ 13.2 References ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#References>) * [ 13.3 Bibliography ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Bibliography>) * [ 14 Further reading ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#Further_reading>) * [ 15 External links ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#External_links>) # Shivaji 63 languages * [العربية](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "شيفاجي – Arabic") * [Azərbaycanca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Şivaçi – Azerbaijani") * [تۆرکجه](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "شیواجی – South Azerbaijani") * [বাংলা](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "শিবাজী – Bangla") * [Беларуская](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Шываджы – Belarusian") * [भोजपुरी](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "शिवाजी – Bhojpuri") * [Български](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Шиваджи – Bulgarian") * [Català](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Catalan") * [Čeština](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Šivádží – Czech") * [Deutsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – German") * [डोटेली](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "शिवाजी – Doteli") * [Ελληνικά](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Σιβάτζι – Greek") * [Español](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Spanish") * [Esperanto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ŝivaĝi – Esperanto") * [فارسی](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "شیواجی – Persian") * [Français](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – French") * [ગુજરાતી](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "શિવાજી – Gujarati") * [गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "शिवाजी महाराज – Goan Konkani") * [한국어](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "시바지 – Korean") * [Հայերեն](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Շիվազի – Armenian") * [हिन्दी](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "शिवाजी – Hindi") * [Bahasa Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Indonesian") * [IsiZulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chhatrapati Shivaji maharaj – Zulu") * [Italiano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Italian") * [עברית](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "שיוואג'י – Hebrew") * [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ಛತ್ರಪತಿ ಶಿವಾಜಿ – Kannada") * [ქართული](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "შივაჯი – Georgian") * [کٲشُر](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "شِواجی – Kashmiri") * [Қазақша](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Шиваджи – Kazakh") * [मैथिली](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "शिवाजी – Maithili") * [മലയാളം](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ശിവാജി – Malayalam") * [मराठी](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज – Marathi") * [Bahasa Melayu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Malay") * [Nederlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Dutch") * [नेपाली](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "शिवाजी – Nepali") * [日本語](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "シヴァージー – Japanese") * [Norsk bokmål](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Norwegian Bokmål") * [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ଶିବାଜୀ – Odia") * [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Uzbek") * [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ਸ਼ਿਵਾਜੀ – Punjabi") * [پنجابی](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "شیوا جی – Western Punjabi") * [Polski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Śiwadźi – Polish") * [Português](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Portuguese") * [Русский](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Шиваджи – Russian") * [संस्कृतम्](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "छत्रपति शिवाजी – Sanskrit") * [Scots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Scots") * [Shqip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Albanian") * [Simple English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Simple English") * [کوردی](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "شیڤاجی – Central Kurdish") * [Српски / srpski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Шиваџи – Serbian") * [Suomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Finnish") * [Svenska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Swedish") * [தமிழ்](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "சிவாஜி \(பேரரசர்\) – Tamil") * [తెలుగు](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ఛత్రపతి శివాజీ – Telugu") * [ไทย](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "จักรพรรดิศิวาจี – Thai") * [ತುಳು](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ಶಿವಾಜಿ – Tulu") * [Türkçe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Turkish") * [Українська](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Шиваджі – Ukrainian") * [اردو](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "شیواجی – Urdu") * [Tiếng Việt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji – Vietnamese") * [吴语](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "希瓦吉 – Wu") * [粵語](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "施華治 – Cantonese") * [中文](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "希瓦吉 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Edit interlanguage links") * [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "View the content page \[alt-c\]") * [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Discuss improvements to the content page \[alt-t\]") English * [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "This page is protected. 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Shivaji I --- _[Raja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raja") Shakakarta[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1>)[Haindava Dharmoddharak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Defender of the Faith")[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Chandra1982-2>)Kshatriya Kulavantas[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Sardesai2002-3>)_ [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/250px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Portrait of Shivaji (c. 1680s) [Chhatrapati of the Marathas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chhatrapati") Reign| 6 June 1674 – 3 April 1680 [Coronation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Coronation")| * 6 June 1674 (first) * 24 September 1674 (second) Predecessor| _Position established_ Successor| [Sambhaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sambhaji") [Peshwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Peshwa")| [Moropant Trimbak Pingle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Moropant Trimbak Pingle") Born| (1630-02-19)19 February 1630[Shivneri Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivneri Fort"), [Ahmadnagar Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ahmadnagar Sultanate") Died| 3 April 1680(1680-04-03) (aged 50)[Raigad Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raigad Fort"), [Mahad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mahad"), [Maratha Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha Empire") Spouse| [Sai Bhonsale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sai Bhonsale") ​ ​(m. 1640; died 1659)​ [Soyarabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Soyarabai") ​(m. 1650)​ [Putalabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Putalabai") ​(m. 1653)​ [Sakvarbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sakvarbai") ​(m. 1657)​ * Kashibai Jadhav[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260-4>) [Issue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Issue \(genealogy\)")| 8,[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-5>) including [Sambhaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sambhaji") and [Rajaram I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajaram I") [House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Dynasty")| [Bhonsale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bhonsle dynasty") Father| [Shahaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shahaji") Mother| [Jijabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jijabai") Religion| [Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hinduism") Signature| [![Shivaji I's signature](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shivaji_I_signature.png/250px-Shivaji_I_signature.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji I's signature") Military career Allegiance| [Maratha Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha Empire") Battles / wars| show _See list_ * * [Javali (1656)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji's Campaign of Javali") * [Pratapgarh (1659)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pratapgarh") * [Panhala (1660)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siege of Panhala \(1660\)") * [Janjira (1661–76)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji's invasions of Janjira") * [Pavan Khind (1669)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pavan Khind") * Pune (1663) * [Surat (1664)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sack of Surat") * [Purandar (1665)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Purandar") * [Sinhagad (1670)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Sinhagad") * Surat (1670) * Vani-Dindori (1670) * Salher (1672) * [Shivneri (1673)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Shivneri Fort") * [Umrani (1673)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Umrani") * Karnataka (1677) * Gingee (1677) * Vellore (1677–78) * [Bhupalgarh (1679)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Bhupalgarh") **Shivaji I** (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, Marathi pronunciation: [[ʃiˈʋaːdʑiːˈbʱos(ə)le]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Help:IPA/Marathi"); c.19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680)[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-6>) was an Indian ruler and a member of the [Bhonsle dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bhonsle dynasty").[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-7>) Shivaji inherited a _jagir_ from his father who served as a retainer for the [Sultanate of Bijapur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sultanate of Bijapur"), which later formed the genesis of the [Maratha Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha Kingdom"). In 1674, he was formally crowned the _[Chhatrapati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chhatrapati")_ of his realm at [Raigad Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raigad Fort").[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:1-8>) Shivaji offered passage and his service to the Mughal emperor [Aurangzeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Aurangzeb") to invade the declining Sultanate of Bijapur. After Aurangzeb's departure for the north due to a war of succession, Shivaji conquered territories ceded by Bijapur in the name of the Mughals.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Gordon2007-9>): 63 Following his defeat at the hands of [Jai Singh I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jai Singh I") in the [Battle of Purandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Purandar"), Shivaji entered into vassalage with the Mughal empire, assuming the role of a Mughal chief, during this time Shivaji also wrote a series of letters apologising to Mughal emperor [Aurangzeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Aurangzeb") for his actions and requested additional honors for his services. He was later conferred with the title of _[Raja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raja \(title\)")_ by the emperor.[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-10>) He undertook military expeditions on behalf of the Mughal Empire for a brief duration.[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-11>) In 1674, Shivaji was crowned as the king despite opposition from local Brahmins.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Gordon2007-9>): 87 [[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-varma-saberwal-12>) Shivaji employed people of all castes and religions, including Muslims[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2015-13>) and Europeans, in his administration and armed forces.[[14]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-14>) Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the [Sultanate of Golconda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sultanate of Golconda"), the Sultanate of Bijapur and the [European colonial powers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Colonial India"). Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a [Maratha navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha Navy"). Shivaji's legacy was revived by [Jyotirao Phule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jyotirao Phule") about two centuries after his death. Later on, he came to be glorified by Indian nationalists such as [Bal Gangadhar Tilak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bal Gangadhar Tilak"), and appropriated by Hindutva activists.[[15]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-f819-15>)[[16]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-w423-16>)[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81-17>)[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-18>)[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-19>) ## Early life Main article: [Early life of Shivaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Early life of Shivaji") See also: [Bhonsle § origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bhonsle") Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of [Shivneri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivneri"), near [Junnar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Junnar"), which is now in [Pune district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pune district"). Scholars disagree on his date of birth; the [Government of Maharashtra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Government of Maharashtra") lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth ([Shivaji Jayanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shiv Jayanti")).[[a]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-26>)[[26]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-sen2-27>)[[27]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-28>) Shivaji was named after a local deity, the [Goddess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Devi") Shivai Devi.[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019-29>)[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-30>) Shivaji belonged to a [Maratha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha") family of the [Bhonsle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bhonsle") clan.[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Kulkarni1963-31>) Shivaji's father, [Shahaji Bhonsle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shahaji Bhonsle"), was a [Maratha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha") general who served the [Deccan Sultanates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Deccan Sultanates").[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Eaton2005-32>) His mother was [Jijabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jijabai"), the daughter of [Lakhuji Jadhavrao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Lakhuji Jadhavrao") of [Sindhkhed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sindhkhed"), a Mughal-aligned [sardar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sardar") claiming descent from a [Yadava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Yadava") royal family of [Devagiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Devagiri").[[32]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Metha2004-33>)[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Menon2011-34>) His paternal grandfather [Maloji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maloji Bhosale") (1552–1597) was an influential general of [Ahmadnagar Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ahmadnagar Sultanate"), and was awarded the epithet of "[Raja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raja")". He was given _[deshmukhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Deshmukh")_ rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan, and Indapur to provide for military expenses. He was also given [Shivneri fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivneri Fort") for his family's residence (c. 1590).[[34]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-35>)[[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Salma314-36>) At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: [Bijapur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bijapur Sultanate"), [Ahmednagar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ahmadnagar Sultanate"), [Golkonda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Golkonda Sultanate"); and the [Mughal Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mughal Empire"). Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshahi of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his _[jagir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jagir")_ (fiefdom) at [Pune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pune") and his small army.[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Eaton2005-32>) Scholar [James Laine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "James Laine") states that Shivaji was imbued with the dream of re-establishing a Hindu kingdom by his mother, Jijabai, who was aware of her [Yadava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Yadava dynasty") heritage and considered her husband "a collaborator of low birth."[[36]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-37>) ## Ancestry showAncestors of Shivaji --- | 8.Babaji --- 4. [Maloji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maloji") 2.[Shahaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shahaji") 5.Uma Bai 1. **Shivaji I** 12.Vithoji 6.[Lakhuji Jadhav](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Lakhuji Jadhav") 13.Thakrai 3. [Jijabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jijabai") 7. Mahalsabai Jadhav [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MainEntranceGate.jpg/250px-MainEntranceGate.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)[Shivneri Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivneri Fort") ## Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate ### Background and context In 1636, the [Sultanate of Bijapur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sultanate of Bijapur") invaded the kingdoms to its south.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-7>) The sultanate had recently become a tributary state of the [Mughal Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mughal Empire").[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-7>)[[37]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam200233–35-38>) It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the [Maratha uplands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maharashtra") of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of _[jagir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jagir")_ land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-7>) Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army, and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort.[[38]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200759-39>) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg/250px-Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Young Shivaji (right) meets his father [Shahaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shahaji"). (left) In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained [Poona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pune") as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in [Bangalore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bangalore") by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed [Dadoji Kondadeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Dadoji Kondadeo") as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona.[[39]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-40>) Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration.[[40]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200761-41>) ### Independent generalship In 1647, the 16-year-old Shivaji captured the [Torna Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Torna Fort") through stratagem or bribery,[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Gordon2007-9>): 61 taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the illness of [Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur"), and seized the large treasure he found there.[[41]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-auto3-42>)[[42]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199361-43>) In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including [Purandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Purandar Fort"), [Kondhana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kondhana"), and [Chakan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chakan Fort"). He also brought areas east of Pune around [Supa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Supa, Parner"), [Baramati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Baramati"), and [Indapur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Indapur") under his direct control. He used the treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named [Rajgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajgad Fort"). That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade.[[41]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-auto3-42>) After this, Shivaji turned west to the [Konkan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Konkan") and took possession of the important town of [Kalyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kalyan"). The Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called Baji Ghorpade, under the orders of the Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji.[[43]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-44>) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg/250px-JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Map of Southern India c. 1605 Shahaji was released in 1649, after the capture of [Jinji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Gingee Fort") secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During 1649–1655, Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.[[44]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041–42-45>) Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [Chandrarao More](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Morè \(clan\)"), a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of [Javali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jawali, Maharashtra"), near the present-day hill station of [Mahabaleshwar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mahabaleshwar").[[45]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-46>) The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into south and southwest Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others—including [Sawant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sawant") of [Sawantwadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sawantwadi State"), Ghorpade of [Mudhol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mudhol State"), [Nimbalkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Nimbalkar") of [Phaltan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Phaltan"), Shirke, Gharge of Nimsod, Mane, and [Mohite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mohite \(clan\)")—also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with [Deshmukhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Deshmukh") rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families, such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.[[46]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200785-47>) Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude toward his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities.[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199369-48>) He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji.[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199369-48>) Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident.[[48]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199358-49>) ### Combat with Afzal Khan Main article: [Battle of Pratapgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pratapgarh") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg/250px-Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)An early-20th-century painting by [Sawlaram Haldankar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sawlaram Haldankar") of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg/250px-Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)[Pratapgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pratapgad") fort The Bijapur Sultanate was displeased with their losses to Shivaji's forces, with their vassal Shahaji disavowing his son's actions. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young [Ali Adil Shah II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ali Adil Shah II") as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji.[[49]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199366-50>) In 1657, the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent [Afzal Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Afzal Khan \(general\)"), a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [Tulja Bhavani Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Tulja Bhavani Temple"), a holy site for Shivaji's family, and the [Vithoba temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Vithoba Temple") at [Pandharpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pandharpur"), a major pilgrimage site for Hindus.[[50]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Richards1995-51>)[[51]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184-52>)[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-53>) Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to [Pratapgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pratapgad") fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.[[53]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Eraly2000-54>) The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private, outside the fort, for negotiations.[[54]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Roy2012-55>)[[55]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417-56>) The two met in a hut in the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070-57>)[[b]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-59>) wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a _[bagh nakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bagh nakh")_ (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.[[58]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022-60>) What transpired is not known with historical certainty, mainly Maratha legends tell the tale; however, it is agreed that the two wound up in a physical struggle that proved fatal for Khan.[[c]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-62>) Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji disembowelled him; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.[[60]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960-63>) In the ensuing [Battle of Pratapgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pratapgarh"), Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed; and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan, and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.[[61]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075-64>) After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food, and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.[[61]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075-64>) ### Siege of Panhala Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji and his army marched towards the [Konkan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Konkan") coast and [Kolhapur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kolhapur"), seizing [Panhala fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Panhala fort"), and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them, under [Rustam Zaman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rustam Zaman") and Fazl Khan, in 1659.[[62]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078-65>) In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged [Panhala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Panhala Fort") in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English [East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "East India Company") (EIC) factory at [Rajapur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajapur, Maharashtra"). He also hired several English artillerymen to assist in his bombardment of the fort, conspicuously flying the [flag of the East India Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Flag of the East India Company"). This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in retaliation plundered the factory in December and detained four of its employees, imprisoning them until mid-1663.[[63]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266-66>) After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;[[64]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Ali1996-67>) Shivaji retook Panhala in 1673.[[65]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011283-68>) ### Battle of Pavan Khind Main article: [Battle of Pavan Khind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pavan Khind") Shivaji escaped from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar [Baji Prabhu Deshpande](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Baji Prabhu Deshpande") of Bandal [Deshmukh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Deshmukh"), along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the [Vishalgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Vishalgad") fort.[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957-69>) In the ensuing [battle of Pavan Khind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pavan Khind"), the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Kulkarni1963-31>) signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 22 September 1660.[[67]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-KulkarniIndia1992-70>) _Ghod Khind_ (_khind_ meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed _Paavan Khind_ ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought there.[[67]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-KulkarniIndia1992-70>) ## Conflict with the Mughals [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sivaji_and_Army.jpg/250px-Sivaji_and_Army.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Shivaji with his personal guards by Mir Muhammad c. 1672 Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to [Aurangzeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Aurangzeb"), the son of the Mughal Emperor and [viceroy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Viceroy") of the Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.[[68]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56-71>) Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near [Ahmednagar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ahmednagar").[[69]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-72>) This was followed by raids in [Junnar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Junnar"), with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 _[hun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hun \(coin\)")_ in cash and 200 horses.[[70]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057-73>) Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battles with his brothers over the succession to the Mughal throne, following the illness of the emperor [Shah Jahan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shah Jahan").[[71]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060-74>) ### Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat Main articles: [Battle of Chakan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Chakan") and [Battle of Surat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Surat") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg/250px-Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)A 20th century depiction of Shivaji's surprise attack on Mughal general Shaista Khan in Pune by [M.V. Dhurandhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "M.V. Dhurandhar") At the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle [Shaista Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shaista Khan"), with an army numbering over 150,000, along with a powerful artillery division, in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of [Chakan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chakan, Maharashtra"), besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.[[72]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-75>) He established his residence at Shivaji's palace of [Lal Mahal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Lal Mahal").[[73]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-76>) On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp.[[74]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200771-77>) He, along with 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers.[[75]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-78>) In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, servants, and soldiers were killed.[[76]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-79>) The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to [Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bengal").[[77]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543-80>) In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji [sacked the port city of Surat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Surat"), a wealthy Mughal trading centre and decamped with plunder exceeding Rs 10 million.[[78]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-ReferenceA-81>)[[79]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491-82>) On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a [naval raid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raid \(military\)") on [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Portugal")-held [Basrur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Basrur") in present-day Karnataka, and gained a large plunder.[[80]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-83>)[[81]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-84>) ### Treaty of Purandar Main article: [Treaty of Purandar (1665)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Treaty of Purandar \(1665\)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Surrender_of_Shivaji_Maharaj_to_the_Mughal_noblemen_Mirza_Raja_Jai_Singh_I_at_Purandar._Painted_by_Mueller.jpg/250px-The_Surrender_of_Shivaji_Maharaj_to_the_Mughal_noblemen_Mirza_Raja_Jai_Singh_I_at_Purandar._Painted_by_Mueller.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Shivaji submits to Jai Singh [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg/250px-Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Raja [Jai Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jai Singh I") of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the [Treaty of Purandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Treaty of Purandar \(1665\)") The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent the [Rajput](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajput") general [Jai Singh I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jai Singh I") with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.[[82]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Gordon93-85>) Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and besieging Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.[[82]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Gordon93-85>) Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh: [[83]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-EralyA-86>)[[84]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-87>) > "I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you either to pardon or to kill me at your pleasure. I will make over my great forts, with the country of Konkan, to the Emperor's officers, and I will send you my son to enter the imperial service. As for myself, I hope that after the interval of one year, when I have paid my respects to the Emperor, I may be allowed, like other servants of the State who exercise authority in their own provinces, to live with my wife and family in a small fort or two. Whenever and wherever my services are required. I will on receiving orders, discharge my duty loyally." In the [Treaty of Purandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Treaty of Purandar \(1665\)"), signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [hun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pagoda \(coin\)") to the Mughals.[[85]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258-88>) Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a _[mansabdar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mansabdar")_.[[86]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077-89>)[[87]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199374-90>) Sambhaji was taken as a political prisoner to ensure compliance with the treaty. Shivaji himself wished to be excused from attending the court. To this end, he wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."[[88]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-91>)[[89]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-92>) On 15 September 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:[[83]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-EralyA-86>) > Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ... ### Arrest in Agra and escape [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg/250px-Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)20th century depiction by M.V. Dhurandhar of Raja Shivaji at the court of Mughal Badshah, Aurangzeb. In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to [Agra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Agra") (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb planned to send Shivaji to [Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kandahar"), now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand at court alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle.[[90]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-93>) Shivaji took offence, stormed out,[[91]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199378-94>) and was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son.[[92]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-95>) The emperor also withheld the previous honors bestowed upon him such as his robe of honour, elephant and jewels.[[93]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Richard-96>): 211 Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue employing him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision. While Shivaji regarded himself as a king, in the eyes of the Mughal emperor, he was only a relatively successful rebel zamindar.[[94]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200776-8-97>) By the time the order for his posting to Kabul arrived, a rumor had already spread at the court that Shivaji would be killed along the way. However, the order was canceled when Shivaji refused to go. During the negotiations that followed, Shivaji demanded the transfer of his forts before becoming a mansabdar, a demand the emperor rejected. The orders to kill him were prevented only by Jai Singh's intervention. In the end, Shivaji's request to leave for Banaras as a sannyasi was also rejected.[[94]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200776-8-97>) Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to the emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son. He surrendered to Mughal forces.[[95]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-auto2-98>)[[96]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-99>) Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance.[[97]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-100>)[[98]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-101>)[[99]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-102>) On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra.[[100]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-103>)[[101]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-104>)[[102]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-105>) Stewart Gordon opines that there is no contemporary evidence to support this story. He also states that, despite Aurangzeb's suspicions regarding Ram Singh's involvement in Shivaji's escape, nothing was proven and Shivaji likely bribed the guards to facilitate his escape.[[103]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200778-106>) ### Peace with the Mughals After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with the Mughal Sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.[[104]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098-107>) Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb also conferred the title of Raja on Shivaji, although he did not restore his right over the forts.[[105]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-108>) Sambhaji was also restored as a [Mughal mansabdar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mansabdar") with 5,000 horses. At that time Shivaji sent Sambhaji and General [Prataprao Gujar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Prataprao Gujar"), to serve with [Prince Mu'azzam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bahadur Shah I"), the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad. Sambhaji was also granted territory in [Berar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Berar sultanate") for revenue collection.[[106]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920185-109>) [Aurangzeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Aurangzeb") also permitted Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying [Adil Shahi dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Adil Shahi dynasty"); the weakened Sultan [Ali Adil Shah II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ali Adil Shah II") sued for peace and granted the rights of _[sardeshmukhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sardeshmukhi")_ [and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sardeshmukhi") _[chauthai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chauth")_ to Shivaji.[[107]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1993231-110>) ## Resumption of hostilities [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg/250px-Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Indian miniature depicting Shivaji c. 1680 The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670, after which Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and might even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji.[[108]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Deopujari1973-111>)[[109]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460-112>) At that time, Aurangzeb, who was occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service.[[110]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461-113>) The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shambhaji to recover the money lent a few years earlier for his father's trip to Agra.[[93]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Richard-96>): 212 [[111]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174-114>) In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and in a span of four months[_[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")_] recovered a major portion of the territories that had been surrendered to them.[[112]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175-115>) Shivaji sacked Surat for a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from [Mawara-un-Nahr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mawara-un-Nahr"), who was returning from [Mecca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mecca"). Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals sent a force under [Daud Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Daud Khan Panni") to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat; they clashed in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day [Nashik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Nashik") and Shivaji and the Maratha force emerged victorious.[[113]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189-116>) In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to meet with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.[[114]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393-117>) ### Battles of Umrani and Nesari See also: [Battle of Umrani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Umrani") In 1674, [Prataprao Gujar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Prataprao Gujar"), the _sarnaubat_ (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces), and [Anandrao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Anandrao") were sent to push back the invading Bijapuri force led by General Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured Bahol Khan in battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.[[115]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233-118>) Shivaji sent a letter to Prataprao, expressing his displeasure and refusing him an audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by this rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind, and was killed in combat. Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, [Rajaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajaram Chhatrapati"), to Prataprao's daughter. Prataprao was succeeded by [Hambirrao Mohite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hambirrao Mohite"), as the new _sarnaubat_. [Raigad Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raigad Fort") was newly built by [Hiroji Indulkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hiroji Indulkar"), as a capital of the nascent Maratha kingdom.[_[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_][[116]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Malavika_1999-119>) ## Coronation [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg/330px-The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)20th century depiction of the Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance by M.V. Dhurandhar [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg/250px-Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Portrait of Shivaji I c. 1675 Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacked a formal title, he was still technically a Mughal [zamindar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Zamindar") or the son of a Bijapuri [jagirdar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jagirdar"), with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. He sought a kingly title which could address this and also prevent challenges by other Maratha leaders, who were his equals.[[d]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-121>) A title would also provide the [Hindu Marathis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Marathi people") with a Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.[[118]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240-122>) The preparation for a proposed coronation began in 1673. However, some controversies delayed the coronation by almost a year.[[119]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199387-123>) One controversy erupted amongst the [Brahmins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Brahmin") of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the _[kshatriya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kshatriya") [varna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Varna \(Hinduism\)")_ (warrior class) in Hindu society.[[120]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Gandhi1999-124>) Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorized him as a Maratha, not a Kshatriya.[[121]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199387-88-125>)[[122]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-BaviskarAttwood2013-126>) They noted that Shivaji had never had a [sacred thread](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sacred thread") ceremony, and did not wear the thread, such as a kshatriya would.[[123]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon199388-127>) When Shivaji came to know about this conspiracy, he later bribed and summoned [Gaga Bhatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Gaga Bhatt"), a [pandit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pandit") of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the [Sisodias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sisodia Dynasty"), and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one who had not had the ceremonies.[[124]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-128>)[[125]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-129>)[[126]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975\[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmythoflokamanya00richpage7_7\]-130>) To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the [Vedic rites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Marriage in Hinduism") expected of a kshatriya.[[127]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321-131>)[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Godsmark2018-132>) However, according to historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to [Rajput](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajput"), and specifically of Sisodia ancestry, may be seen as tenuous at best, to purely invented.[[129]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Varma_&_Saberwal-133>) On 28 May, Shivaji did penance for his and his ancestors' not observing Kshatriya rites for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatt with the sacred thread.[[130]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244-134>) On the insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt omitted the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji into a modified form of the life of the [twice-born](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Dvija"), instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed in his own lifetime.[[131]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-135>) He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver, and several other articles, such fine linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these articles, along with a [lakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Lakh") (one hundred thousand) of hun, were distributed among the Brahmins. According to Sarkar, even this failed to satisfy the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had killed Brahmins, cows, women, and children. He could be cleansed of these sins for a price of [Rs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rupee"). 8,000, which Shivaji paid.[[131]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-135>) The total expenditure for feeding the assemblage, general almsgiving, throne, and ornaments approached 1.5 million [rupees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rupee").[[132]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252-136>) On 6 June 1674, Shivaji was crowned king of the [Maratha Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha Empire") (_[Hindavi Swaraj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hindavi Swarajya")_) in a lavish ceremony at Raigad fort.[[133]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Pillai2018-137>)[[134]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Barua2005-138>) In the [Hindu calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hindu calendar") it was the 13th day (_trayodashi_) of the first fortnight of the month of _[Jyeshtha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jyeshtha \(month\)")_ in the year 1596.[[135]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-RauArchives1980-139>) Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring water from a gold vessel filled with the waters of the seven sacred rivers—[Yamuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Yamuna"), [Indus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Indus"), [Ganges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ganges"), [Godavari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Godavari"), [Narmada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Narmada"), [Krishna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Krishna River"), and [Kaveri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kaveri")—over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before his mother, Jijabai, and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.[[136]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920-140>)[[137]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-141>) Shivaji was entitled _Shakakarta_ ("founder of an era")[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1>) and _[Chhatrapati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chhatrapati")_ ("[Lord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pati \(title\)") of the [Umbrella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chatra \(umbrella\)")"). He also took the title of _[Haindava Dharmodhhaarak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Defender of Faith")_ (protector of the Hindu faith)[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Chandra1982-2>) and _Kshatriya Kulavantas_ :[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Sardesai2002-3>)[[138]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Kulkarnee1975-142>)[[139]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Singh1998-143>) _Kshatriya_ being the varna[[e]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-144>) of [Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hinduism") and _kulavantas_ meaning the 'head of the _kula_ , or clan'.[[140]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Sharma1978-145>) Shivaji's mother died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantric priest, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation, on 24 September 1674, mollified those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by being a less controversial ceremony.[[141]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Srivastava1964-146>)[[142]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Branch1975-147>)[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Sharma1951-148>) ## Conquest in southern India [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Tanjore_Maratha_Kingdom.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)[Tanjavur Maratha Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Thanjavur Maratha kingdom") Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding [Khandesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Khandesh") (October), capturing Bijapuri [Ponda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ponda, Goa") (April 1675), [Karwar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Karwar") (mid-year), and [Kolhapur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kolhapur") (July).[[144]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017-149>) In November, the Maratha navy skirmished with the [Siddis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siddi") of [Janjira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Janjira State"), but failed to dislodge them.[[145]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-\(India\)1967-150>) Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a civil war that had broken out between the Deccanis and the Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided [Athani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Athani \(Karnataka\)") in April 1676.[[146]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258-151>) In the run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.[[147]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Kruijtzer2009-152>)[[148]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-153>) His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited [Hyderabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hyderabad") for a month and entered into a treaty with the [Qutubshah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Qutubshah") of the Golkonda sultanate, who agreed to renounce his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding.[[149]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276-154>) Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of [Vellore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Vellore") and [Gingee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Gingee");[[150]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Jr.2010-155>) the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son [Rajaram I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajaram I").[[151]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290-156>) This conquest gave him possession of vast territory in Mysore plateau and Madras Carnatic, containing 100 forts.[[78]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-ReferenceA-81>) In August 1677, Shivaji aided by local disgruntled chieftains, invaded the kingdom ruled by Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar and plundered Srirangapatna. In the battle that followed, Chikkadevaraja subdued Shivaji and adopted the title _Apratima Vira" meaning "unparalleled hero".[[152]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-157>)_ Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother [Venkoji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Venkoji") (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née [Mohite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mohite \(clan\)")), who ruled [Thanjavur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Thanjavur Maratha kingdom") (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions on the [Mysore plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mysore plateau"). Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji and also convinced her husband to distance himself from his Muslim advisors. In the end, Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of [Shahji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shahaji")'s tomb ([_samadhi_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Samadhi \(shrine\)")).[[153]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251-158>)[[154]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Jayapal1997-159>) ## Death and succession [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png/250px-Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)[Sambhaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sambhaji"), Shivaji's elder son who succeeded him [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Shivaji_Maharaj_Samadhi_%28Memorial%29.jpg/250px-Shivaji_Maharaj_Samadhi_%28Memorial%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Samadhi of Shivaji-I (Memorial) The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated. In 1678, Shivaji confined his son [Sambhaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sambhaji") to [Panhala Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Panhala Fort") for having an addiction to sensual pleasures or violating a Brahmin woman.[[155]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-160>) Only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the [Mughals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mughals") where he fought against Shivaji in the [Battle of Bhupalgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Bhupalgarh"). Upon returning home, unrepentant, he was again confined to Panhala Fort.[[156]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-161>) In late March 1680, Shivaji fell ill with fever and [dysentery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Dysentery"),[[157]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-k052-162>) dying around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 50,[[158]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278-163>) at [Raigad Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raigad Fort"), on the eve of [Hanuman Jayanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hanuman Jayanti"). The cause of Shivaji's death is disputed. British records states that Shivaji died of [bloody flux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bloody flux"), after being sick for 12 days.[[f]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-165>) In a contemporary work in Portuguese, in the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax.[[160]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-166>)[[161]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:3-167>) However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of _[Sabhasad Bakhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sabhasad Bakhar")_ , a biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death.[[162]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:2-168>)[[161]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:3-167>) [Putalabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Putalabai"), the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed _[sati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sati \(practice\)")_ by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter.[[156]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-161>) There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife [Soyarabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Soyarabai") had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son [Rajaram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajaram I") on the throne.[[163]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201753-169>) After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans, with various ministers, to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson [Sambhaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sambhaji"). On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of [Raigad Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raigad Fort") after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.[[164]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200548-170>) Rajaram, his mother Soyarabai and wife [Janki Bai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jankibai") were imprisoned, and Soyrabai was executed on charges of conspiracy that October.[[165]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004-171>) ## Governance ### Ashta Pradhan Mandal Main article: [Ashta Pradhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ashta Pradhan") The Council of Eight Ministers, or _[Ashta Pradhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ashta Pradhan") Mandal_, was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji.[[166]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:0-172>)[[167]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-173>) It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters. The eight ministers were as follows:[[162]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:2-168>) Ashta Pradhan Mandal Minister | Duty ---|--- [Peshwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Peshwa") or Prime Minister | General administration [Amatya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Amatya") or Finance Minister | Maintaining public accounts [Mantri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mantri") or Chronicler | Maintaining court records Summant or [Dabir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Dabir") or Foreign Secretary | All matters related to relationships with other states [Sachiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sachiv") or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary | Managing correspondence of the king Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head | Religious matters Nyayadhis or Chief Justice | Civil and military justice [Senapati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Senapati")/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief | All matters related to army of the king Except the Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being performed by deputies.[[162]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:2-168>)[[166]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:0-172>) ### Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit At his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a systematic tool of description and understanding.[[168]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-174>) Shivaji's royal seal was in Sanskrit. Shivaji commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Arabic") terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to the production of the _Rājavyavahārakośa_ , the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.[[169]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:4-175>) ### Religious policy Many modern commentators have deemed Shivaji's religious policies as tolerant. While encouraging Hinduism, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.[[170]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421-176>) Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet [Kavi Bhushan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kavi Bhushan") stated: > Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.[[171]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Society1963-177>) However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his book _Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India_ , argues that the foundation for modern Hindu-Muslim [communalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Communalism \(South Asia\)") was laid in the decade 1677–1687, in the interplay between Shivaji and Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680).[[172]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-178>) During the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a [Capuchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Order of Friars Minor Capuchin") friar who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."[[173]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Pissurlencar1975-179>) Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. He was tolerant of different religions and believed in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had little trouble forming alliances with the surrounding Muslim nations, even against Hindu powers. He also did not join forces with certain other Hindu powers fighting the Mughals, such as the Rajputs.[[g]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-181>) His own army had Muslim leaders from early on. The first Pathan unit was formed in 1656. His admiral, Darya Sarang, was a Muslim.[[175]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-182>) * [![Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg/250px-Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji") Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji * [![Writings of Modi Script. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg/250px-Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Writings of Modi Script. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji") Writings of [Modi Script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Modi script"). line 2 is from the time of Shivaji #### Ramdas Shivaji was a contemporary of [Samarth Ramdas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Samarth Ramdas"). Historian [Stewart Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Stewart N. Gordon") concludes about their relationship: > Older Maratha histories asserted that Shivaji was a close follower of Ramdas, a Brahmin teacher, who guided him in an orthodox Hindu path; recent research has shown that Shivaji did not meet or know Ramdas until late in his life. Rather, Shivaji followed his own judgement throughout his remarkable career.[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Gordon2007-9>) ### Seal [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg/250px-Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Royal seal of Shivaji Seals were a means to confer authenticity on official documents. Shahaji and Jijabai had Persian seals. But Shivaji, right from the beginning, used Sanskrit for his seal.[[169]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:4-175>) The seal proclaims: "This seal of Shiva, son of Shah, shines forth for the welfare of the people and is meant to command increasing respect from the universe like the first phase of the moon."[[176]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-183>) ## Modes of warfare Shivaji maintained a small but effective standing army. The core of Shivaji's army consisted of peasants of Maratha and [Kunbi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kunbi") castes.[[177]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-184>) Shivaji was aware of the limitations of his army. He realised that conventional warfare methods were inadequate to confront the big, well-trained cavalry of the Mughals, which was equipped with field artillery. As a result, Shivaji mastered [guerilla tactics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Guerrilla warfare") which became known as _[Ganimi Kawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ganimi kava")_ in the [Marathi language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Marathi language").[[178]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-185>)[[179]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-186>) His strategies consistently perplexed and defeated armies sent against him. He realized that the most vulnerable point of the large, slow-moving armies of the time was supply. He utilised knowledge of the local terrain and the superior mobility of his light cavalry to cut off supplies to the enemy.[[174]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200781-180>) Shivaji refused to confront the enemy in pitched battles. Instead, he lured the enemies into difficult hills and jungles of his own choosing, catching them at a disadvantage and routing them. Shivaji did not adhere to a particular tactic but used several methods to undermine his enemies, as required by circumstances, such as sudden raids, sweeps and ambushes, and psychological warfare.[[180]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-auto-187>) Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by [Aurangzeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Aurangzeb") and his generals, because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.[[181]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Wolpert1994-188>)[[182]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Tinker1990-189>)[[82]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Gordon93-85>) ### Military Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha Empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The [Maval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maval") infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced by Telangi musketeers from Karnataka) and supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.[[183]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-190>) ### Hill forts [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg/250px-Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)[Suvela Machi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajgad"), view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from [Ballekilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajgad"), [Rajgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajgad") Main article: [Shivaji's forts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji's forts") Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. Ramchandra Amatya, one of Shivaji's ministers, describes the achievement of Shivaji by saying that his empire was created from forts.[[184]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-191>) Shivaji captured important Adilshahi forts at Murambdev ([Rajgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajgad")), [Torna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Torna Fort"), Kondhana ([Sinhagad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sinhagad")), and [Purandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Purandar fort"). He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations.[[185]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321-192>) In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts, numbering 111 according to some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18."[[186]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Naravane1995-193>) The historian [Jadunath Sarkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jadunath Sarkar") assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death.[[187]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408-194>) Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balances.[[188]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414-195>) ### Navy Main article: [Maratha Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha Navy") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG/250px-Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)[Sindudurg Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sindhudurg") provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the [Konkan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Konkan") coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty [galivats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Galivat") from the Portuguese shipyards of [Bassein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Vasai").[[189]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Roy2011-196>) Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 warships, although contemporary English chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160.[[190]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-197>) With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates"), as well as Muslim mercenaries.[[190]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-197>) Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.[[191]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Shastry1981-198>) Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them. He built his first marine fort at [Sindhudurg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sindhudurg Fort"), which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy.[[192]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-RoyLorge2014-199>) The navy itself was a [coastal navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Green-water navy"), focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas and not intended for the [high seas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "High seas").[[193]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-200>)[[194]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Misra1986-201>) ## Legacy [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg/250px-Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)An early-20th-century painting by [M. V. Dhurandhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "M. V. Dhurandhar") of Shivaji and [Baji Prabhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Baji Prabhu Deshpande") at Pawan Khind ### Contemporaneous view Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian writers.[[195]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:11-202>) The French traveller [Francois Bernier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Francois Bernier") wrote in his _Travels in Mughal India_ :[[196]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-203>) > I forgot to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi! respected the habitation of the Reverend Father Ambrose, the [Capuchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Order of Friars Minor Capuchin") missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while alive. [Mughal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mughal Empire") depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "[-ji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "-ji")". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as _[kafir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kafir") bi jahannum raft_ (lit.'the infidel went to Hell').[[197]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201754-204>) His chivalrous treatment of enemies and women has been praised by Mughal authors, including Khafi Khan. Jadunath Sarkar writes:[[198]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:12-205>) > His chivalry to women and strict enforcement of morality in his camp was a wonder in that age and has extorted the admiration of hostile critics like Khafi Khan. ### Early depictions The earliest depictions of Shivaji by authors not affiliated with Maratha court in Maharashtra are to be found in the [bakhars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bakhar") that depict Shivaji as an almost divine figure, an ideal Hindu king who overthrew Muslim dominion. The current academic consensus is that while these Bakhars are important for understanding how Shivaji was viewed in his time, they must be correlated with other sources to decide historical truth. _[Sabhasad Bakhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sabhasad Bakhar")_ and _[91 Kalami Bakhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "91 Kalami Bakhar")_ are considered the most reliable of all bakhars by scholars.[[82]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Gordon93-85>) ### Nineteenth century [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg/250px-Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji in the collection of the [Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Aundh, Satara") In the mid–19th century, Marathi social reformer [Jyotirao Phule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jyotirao Phule") wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the [shudras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shudra") and [dalits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Dalit"). Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.[[199]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Chakravarti2014-206>) In 1895, the Indian nationalist leader [Bal Gangadhar Tilak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bal Gangadhar Tilak") organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday of Shivaji.[[17]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81-17>) He portrayed Shivaji as the "opponent of the oppressor", with possible negative implications concerning the colonial government.[[200]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Pati2011-207>) Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero.[[201]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975107-208>) These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of [dacoits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Dacoity")...?"[[202]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-209>) One of the first commentators to reappraise the critical British view of Shivaji was [M. G. Ranade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "M. G. Ranade"), whose _Rise of the Maratha Power_ (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."[[203]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-210>) In 1919, [Sarkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jadunath Sarkar") published the seminal Shivaji and His Times. Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.[[204]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Deshpande2007-211>) Likewise, although supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of [Afzal Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Afzal Khan \(general\)") as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the [Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hindus") [raja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raja") Chandrao More and his clan.[[205]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Bayly2011-212>) In 1937, [Dennis Kincaid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Dennis Kincaid"), a British civil servant in India, published _[The Grand Rebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "The Grand Rebel \(page does not exist\)")_.[[206]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-213>) This book portrays Shivaji as a heroic rebel and a master strategist fighting a much larger Mughal army.[[82]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Gordon93-85>) ### Post independence [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg/250px-Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Statue of Shivaji at [Raigad Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raigad Fort") In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India,[[207]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:6-214>)[[208]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:7-215>)[[209]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:9-216>) especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the [Marathi people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Marathi people").[[210]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-217>) [Hindutva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hindutva") activists are noted for appropriating Shivaji by presenting him as "Hindu king" who "fought against Muslim rulers", contrary to historic accounts that show he belonged to a marginalised caste and held secular values.[[211]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-r146-218>)[[212]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-q235-219>)[[213]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-j001-220>) #### Political parties In 1966, the [Shiv Sena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shiv Sena \(1966–2022\)") (lit.'Army of Shivaji') political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi-speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power of locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda, and icons of the party.[[214]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Naipaul2011-221>) Shivaji is seen as a hero by regional political parties and also by the Maratha-caste-dominated [Indian National Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Indian National Congress") and the [Nationalist Congress Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Nationalist Congress Party").[[215]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-222>) ### Controversies related to Shivaji's depiction In the late 20th century, [Babasaheb Purandare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Babasaheb Purandare") became one of the most significant authors in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the _Shiv-Shahir_ (lit.'Bard of Shivaji').[[216]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-223>)[[217]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-224>) However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overstating the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,[[215]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-222>) and his [Maharashtra Bhushan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maharashtra Bhushan") award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.[[218]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-225>) In 1993, the _[Illustrated Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "The Illustrated Weekly of India")_ published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims _per se_ , and that his style of governance was influenced by that of the Mughal Empire. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice", and [Shiv Sena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shiv Sena \(1966–2022\)") called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found that the _Illustrated Weekly_ had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.[[219]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-226>)[[220]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-227>) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg/250px-Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)Statue of Shivaji opposite the [Gateway of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Gateway of India") in [South Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "South Mumbai") In 2003, the American academic [James W. Laine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "James W. Laine") published his book _Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India_ to, what [Ananya Vajpeyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ananya Vajpeyi") terms, a regime of "cultural policing by militant Marathas".[[221]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:5-228>)[[222]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-229>) As a result of this publication, the [Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute"), in Pune, where Laine had done research, was attacked by the [Sambhaji Brigade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sambhaji Brigade").[[223]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-230>)[[224]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-231>) Laine was even threatened with arrest,[[221]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:5-228>) and the book was banned in [Maharashtra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maharashtra") in January 2004. The ban was lifted by the [Bombay High Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bombay High Court") in 2007, and in July 2010 the [Supreme Court of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Supreme Court of India") upheld the lifting of the ban.[[225]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-232>) This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.[[226]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-233>)[[227]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-234>) ## Commemorations Statues of Shivaji are found in every [taluka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Tehsil") in Maharashtra[[228]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-235>)[[229]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:8-236>) as well as in many places across India, including Mumbai,[[230]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-237>) [Pune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pune"),[[229]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-:8-236>) [New Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "New Delhi"),[[231]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-238>) [Surat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Surat"),[[232]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-239>) and [Yellur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Yellur, Belgaum").[[233]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-240>) There are also statues outside of India including in [San Jose, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "San Jose, California"),[[234]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-241>) and [Mauritius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mauritius").[[235]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-242>) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg/250px-Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)A replica of [Raigad Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raigad Fort") built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji. Several Mumbai landmarks were renamed for Shivaji in the 1990s, around the same time that Bombay was renamed Mumbai.[[236]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-DNATakeHomeArticle-243>) The Prince of Wales Museum, which is devoted to Indian history, was renamed [Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya").[[236]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-DNATakeHomeArticle-243>) Victoria Terminus, Mumbai's main railway station and the headquarters of the [Central Railway zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Central Railway zone"),[[237]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-244>) was initially renamed [Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus") and later renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus.[[238]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-railway-station-rename-245>) Similarly, Mumbai's busiest airport, Sahar International Airport, was first renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport and further renamed to [Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport").[[239]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-246>) Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's [INS Shivaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "INS Shivaji") station[[240]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-247>) and numerous [postage stamps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Postage stamp").[[241]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-248>) In 2022, the Indian prime minister unveiled the new ensign of the [Indian Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Indian Navy"), which was inspired by the seal of Shivaji.[[242]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-249>) In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building replica forts with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of [Diwali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Diwali"), in memory of Shivaji.[[243]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-250>)[[244]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-251>) A proposal to build a giant memorial called [Shiv Smarak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shiv Smarak") was approved in 2016; the memorial is to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be 210 metres (690 ft) tall, which will make it the [world's tallest statue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "List of tallest statues") when completed.[[245]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-252>) As of August 2021, the project has been stalled since January 2019, due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "COVID-19 pandemic in India"). Only the [bathymetry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bathymetry") survey has been completed, while the [geotechnical survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Geotechnical investigation") was underway. Consequently, the state public works department proposed extending the completion date by a year, from 18 October 2021 to 18 October 2022.[[246]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-connect2-253>) ## Sources ### Notes 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-26> "Jump up")** Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. This [Julian calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Julian calendar") date of that period (1 March 1630 of today's [Gregorian calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Gregorian calendar")) corresponds[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-20>) to the [Hindu calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Hindu calendar") birth date from contemporary records.[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-21>)[[22]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-22>)[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-ApteParanjpe1927-23>) Other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or dates near this day.[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-Sib_Pada-24>)[[25]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-25>) 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-59> "Jump up")** A decade earlier, Afzal Khan, in a parallel situation, had arrested a Hindu general during a truce ceremony.[[57]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200767-58>) 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-62> "Jump up")** Jadunath Sarkar after weighing all recorded evidence in this behalf, has settled the point "that Afzal Khan struck the first blow" and that "Shivaji committed.... a preventive murder. It was a case of a diamond cut diamond." The conflict between Shivaji and Bijapur was essentially political in nature, and not communal.[[59]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-61>) 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-121> "Jump up")** Most of the Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar.[[117]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper2003215-120>) 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-144> "Jump up")** _Varna_ is sometimes also termed _[Varnashrama Dharma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Varnashrama Dharma")_ 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-165> "Jump up")** As for the cause of his death, the Bombay Council's letter dated 28 April 1680 says: "We have certain news that Shivaji Rajah is dead. It is now 23 days since he deceased, it is said of a bloody flux, being sick 12 days." A contemporaneous Portuguese document states that Shivaji died of anthrax. However, none of these sources provides sufficient details to draw a definite conclusion. The Sabhasad Chronicle states that the King died of fever, while some versions of the A.K. Chronicle state that he died of "navjvar" (possibly typhoid).[[159]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehendale20111147-164>) 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-181> "Jump up")** Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. Over and over, he espoused tolerance and syncretism. He even called on Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had no difficulty in allying with the Muslim states which surrounded him – Bijapur, Golconda, and the Mughals – even against Hindu powers, such as the nayaks of the Karnatic. Further, he did not ally with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, rebelling against the Mughals.[[174]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200781-180>) ### References 1. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-1>) [Sardesai 1957](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSardesai1957>), p. 222. 2. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-1>) Satish Chandra (1982). [_Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Macmillan. p. 140. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-333-90396-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90396-4"). 3. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Sardesai2002_3-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Sardesai2002_3-1>) H. S. Sardesai (2002). [_Shivaji, the Great Maratha_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Cosmo Publications. p. 431. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7755-286-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-286-7"). 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260_4-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 260. 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-5> "Jump up")** James Laine (1996). Anne Feldhaus (ed.). [_Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 183. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-7914-2837-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2837-5"). 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-6> "Jump up")** Dates are given according to the [Julian calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Julian calendar"), see [Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 7. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_7-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_7-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_7-2>) [_**d**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_7-3>) [Robb 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFRobb2011>), pp. 103–104. 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:1_8-0> "Jump up")** Govind Ranade, Mahadev (1900). _Rise of the Maratha Power_. India: [Ministry of Information and Broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ministry of Information and Broadcasting \(India\)"). 9. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Gordon2007_9-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Gordon2007_9-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Gordon2007_9-2>) [_**d**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Gordon2007_9-3>) Stewart Gordon (2007). [_The Marathas 1600–1818_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Cambridge University Press. p. 85. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-03316-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"). 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-10> "Jump up")** Eraly, A. (2007). [_Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Penguin Books Limited. p. 672. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-5118-093-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7"). Retrieved 27 October 2024. 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-11> "Jump up")** Richards, John F. (1993). [_The Mughal Empire_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Cambridge University Press. p. 210. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-56603-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"). 12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-varma-saberwal_12-0> "Jump up")** Vajpeyi, Ananya (2005). "Excavating Identity through Tradition: Who was Shivaji?". In Varma, Supriya; Saberwal, Satish (eds.). _Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History_. Oxford University Press. pp. 239–268. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [9780195669152](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/9780195669152").Edited version of Ananya, Vajpeyi (August 2004). "Making a Śūdra King: The Royal Consecration of Shivaji". _Politics of complicity, poetics of contempt: A history of the Śūdra in Maharashtra, 1650–1950 CE_ (Thesis). University of Chicago. p. 155-226. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeshpande2015_13-0> "Jump up")** [Deshpande 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFDeshpande2015>). 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-14> "Jump up")** Scammell, G. (1992). European Exiles, Renegades and Outlaws and the Maritime Economy of Asia c. 1500–1750. Modern Asian Studies, 26(4), 641–661. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1017/S0026749X00010003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), [[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-f819_15-0> "Jump up")** Śinde, J.R. (1985). [_Dynamics of Cultural Revolution: 19th Century Maharashtra_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Ajanta Publications. p. 67. Retrieved 12 October 2024. "Shivaji had almost vanished from the minds of the people and the leaders of Maharashtra it was Phule who first revived them composing a ballad on Shivaji in 1869" 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-w423_16-0> "Jump up")** Devare, A. (2013). [_History and the Making of a Modern Hindu Self_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Taylor & Francis. p. 157. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-136-19707-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19707-9"). Retrieved 12 October 2024. 17. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81_17-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81_17-1>) [Wolpert 1962](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFWolpert1962>), pp. 79–81. 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-18> "Jump up")** Biswas, Debajyoti; Ryan, John Charles (2021). [_Nationalism in India: Texts and Contexts_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Routledge. p. 32. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-00-045282-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-00-045282-2"). 19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-19> "Jump up")** Sengar, Bina; McMillin, Laurie Hovell (2019). [_Spaces and Places in Western India: Formations and Delineations_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Taylor & Francis. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-000-69155-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-000-69155-9"). 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-20> "Jump up")** Apte, Mohan; Mahajani, Parag; Vahia, M. N. (January 2003). ["Possible errors in historical dates"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) (PDF). _Current Science_. **84** (1): 21. 21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-21> "Jump up")** Kulkarni, A. R. (2007). [_Jedhe Shakavali Kareena_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Diamond Publications. p. 7. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-89959-35-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-89959-35-7"). 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-22> "Jump up")** Kavindra Parmanand Nevaskar (1927). [_Shri Shivbharat_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Sadashiv Mahadev Divekar. p. [51](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-ApteParanjpe1927_23-0> "Jump up")** D.V Apte and M.R. Paranjpe (1927). [_Birth-Date of Shivaji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). The Maharashtra Publishing House. pp. 6–17. 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Sib_Pada_24-0> "Jump up")** Siba Pada Sen (1973). _Historians and historiography in modern India_. Institute of Historical Studies. p. 106. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-208-0900-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0900-0"). 25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-25> "Jump up")** N. Jayapalan (2001). _History of India_. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 211. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7156-928-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1"). 26. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-sen2_27-0> "Jump up")** Sailendra Sen (2013). _A Textbook of Medieval Indian History_. Primus Books. pp. 196–199. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-9-38060-734-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"). 27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-28> "Jump up")** ["Public Holidays"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) (PDF). _maharashtra.gov.in_. Retrieved 19 May 2018. 28. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019_29-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 19. 29. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-30> "Jump up")** Laine, James W. (2003). [_Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-972643-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972643-1"). 30. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Kulkarni1963_31-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Kulkarni1963_31-1>) V. B. Kulkarni (1963). [_Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Orient Longman. 31. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Eaton2005_32-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Eaton2005_32-1>) Richard M. Eaton (2005). [_A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–221. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-25484-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25484-7"). 32. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Metha2004_33-0> "Jump up")** Arun Metha (2004). [_History of medieval India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). ABD Publishers. p. 278. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-85771-95-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-85771-95-3"). 33. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Menon2011_34-0> "Jump up")** Kalyani Devaki Menon (2011). [_Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 44–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-8122-0279-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0279-3"). 34. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-35> "Jump up")** Marathi book Shivkaal (Times of Shivaji) by Dr V G Khobrekar, Publisher: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, 1st. ed. 2006. Chapter 1 35. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Salma314_36-0> "Jump up")** Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). [_A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Dorling Kindersley India. pp. 314–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-317-3202-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"). 36. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-37> "Jump up")** [Laine, James W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "James Laine") (13 February 2003). ["Cracks in the Narrative"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [_Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Oxford University Press. p. 93. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141269.003.0006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-514126-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514126-9"). 37. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam200233–35_38-0> "Jump up")** [Subrahmanyam 2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSubrahmanyam2002>), pp. 33–35. 38. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200759_39-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon2007>), p. 59. 39. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-40> "Jump up")** Sarkar, Jadunath (1952). _Shivaji and his times_ (5th ed.). Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan Private Limited. p. 19. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-8125040262](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-8125040262"). `{{cite book[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Template:Cite book")}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Help:CS1 errors")) 40. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200761_41-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon2007>), p. 61. 41. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-auto3_42-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-auto3_42-1>) Mahajan, V. D. (2000). _India since 1526_ (17th ed., rev. & enl ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand. p. 198. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [81-219-1145-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/81-219-1145-1"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "OCLC \(identifier\)") [956763986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 42. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199361_43-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), p. 61. 43. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-44> "Jump up")** Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp. 221–226. 44. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041–42_45-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), pp. 41–42. 45. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-46> "Jump up")** Eaton, Richard M. (2019). [_India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Penguin UK. p. 198. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-14-196655-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7"). 46. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200785_47-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon2007>), p. 85. 47. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199369_48-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199369_48-1>) [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), p. 69. 48. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199358_49-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), p. 58. 49. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199366_50-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), p. 66. 50. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Richards1995_51-0> "Jump up")** John F. Richards (1995). [_The Mughal Empire_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Cambridge University Press. pp. 208–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-56603-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"). 51. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184_52-0> "Jump up")** [Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015>), pp. 183–184. 52. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-53> "Jump up")** Roy, Kaushik (2012). _Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present_. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-139-57684-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-139-57684-0"). 53. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Eraly2000_54-0> "Jump up")** Abraham Eraly (2000). [_Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Penguin Books Limited. p. 550. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-5118-128-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-128-6"). 54. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Roy2012_55-0> "Jump up")** Kaushik Roy (2012). [_Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-139-57684-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-139-57684-0"). 55. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417_56-0> "Jump up")** [Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence2014>), p. 17. 56. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070_57-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 70. 57. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200767_58-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon2007>), p. 67. 58. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022_60-0> "Jump up")** [Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960>), p. 22. 59. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-61> "Jump up")** Kulkarni, A. R. (2008). [_The Marathas_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Diamond Publications. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-8483-073-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6"). 60. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960_63-0> "Jump up")** [Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960>). 61. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075_64-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075_64-1>) [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 75. 62. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078_65-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 78. 63. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266_66-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 266. 64. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Ali1996_67-0> "Jump up")** Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). [_The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Orient Blackswan. p. 124. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-250-0485-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0485-1"). 65. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011283_68-0> "Jump up")** [Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011>), p. 283. 66. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957_69-0> "Jump up")** [Sardesai 1957](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSardesai1957>). 67. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-KulkarniIndia1992_70-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-KulkarniIndia1992_70-1>) Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni (1992). [_The Struggle for Hindu supremacy_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma). p. 90. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-900113-5-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-900113-5-8"). 68. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56_71-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), pp. 55–56. 69. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-72> "Jump up")** S.R. Sharma (1999). [_Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 59. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7156-818-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-818-5"). 70. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057_73-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 57. 71. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060_74-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 60. 72. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-75> "Jump up")** [_Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Superintendent Government Printing, India. 1929. p. 44. 73. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-76> "Jump up")** Aanand Aadeesh (2011). [_Shivaji the Great Liberator_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Prabhat Prakashan. p. 69. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-8430-102-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-102-1"). 74. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200771_77-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon2007>), p. 71. 75. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-78> "Jump up")** Mahmud, Sayyid Fayyaz; Mahmud, S. F. (1988). [_A Concise History of Indo-Pakistan_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Oxford University Press. p. 158. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-577385-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577385-9"). 76. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-79> "Jump up")** Richards, John F. (1993). [_The Mughal Empire_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Cambridge University Press. p. 209. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-56603-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"). 77. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543_80-0> "Jump up")** [Mehta 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFMehta2009>), p. 543. 78. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-ReferenceA_81-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-ReferenceA_81-1>) An Advanced History of India , by RC Majumdar 79. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491_82-0> "Jump up")** [Mehta 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFMehta2005>), p. 491. 80. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-83> "Jump up")** Shejwalkar, T.S. (1942). [_Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Vol. 4. Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune. pp. 135–146. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [42929309](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Retrieved 30 August 2022. 81. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-84> "Jump up")** ["Mega event to mark Karnataka port town Basrur's liberation from Portuguese by Shivaji"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _New Indian Express_. 15 February 2021. 82. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Gordon93_85-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Gordon93_85-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Gordon93_85-2>) [_**d**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Gordon93_85-3>) [_**e**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Gordon93_85-4>) [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), pp. 1, 3–4, 50–55, 59, 71–75, 114, 115–125, 133, 138–139 83. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-EralyA_86-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-EralyA_86-1>) [Eraly, Abraham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Abraham Eraly") (2007). ["The Maratha Nemesis"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [_Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Penguin Books Limited. p. 661. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-5118-093-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7"). 84. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-87> "Jump up")** Sardesai, H. S. (2002). [_Shivaji, the Great Maratha_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Vol. 2. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 347. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7755-284-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-284-3"). 85. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258_88-0> "Jump up")** [Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960>), p. 258. 86. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077_89-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920>), p. 77. 87. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199374_90-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), p. 74. 88. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-91> "Jump up")** [Wink, André](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Andre Wink") (3 December 2007). ["Brahman,king and emperor"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [_Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications. [Cambridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Cambridge"): [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Cambridge University Press"). p. 58. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-05180-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05180-4"). 89. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-92> "Jump up")** [Mahendra Pratap Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mahendra Pratap Singh") (2001). _Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism_. Books India International. p. 201. 90. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-93> "Jump up")** Gordon, Stewart (1994). [_Marathas, Marauders, and State Formation in Eighteenth-century India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Oxford University Press. p. 206. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-563386-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563386-3"). 91. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199378_94-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), p. 78. 92. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-95> "Jump up")** Jain, Meenakshi (2011). [_The India They Saw (Vol. 3)_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 299, 300. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-8430-108-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-108-3"). 93. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Richard_96-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Richard_96-1>) [Richards, John F.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "John F. Richards") (1993). "Maratha insurgency and Mughal conquest in the Deccan & The Deccan war". [_The Mughal Empire_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Cambridge University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-56603-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"). 94. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200776-8_97-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200776-8_97-1>) [Gordon 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon2007>), p. 76-8. 95. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-auto2_98-0> "Jump up")** Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). [_A History of Jaipur: c. 1503–1938_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Orient Blackswan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-250-0333-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0333-5"). 96. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-99> "Jump up")** Mehta, Jl. [_Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 547. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-207-1015-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3"). 97. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-100> "Jump up")** Datta, Nonica (2003). [_Indian History: Ancient and medieval_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan, Mumbai. p. 263. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7991-067-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-067-2"). 98. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-101> "Jump up")** Patel, Sachi K. (2021). [_Politics and Religion in Eighteenth-Century India: Jaisingh II and the Rise of Public Theology in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Routledge. p. 40. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-00-045142-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-00-045142-9"). 99. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-102> "Jump up")** Sabharwal, Gopa (2000). [_The Indian Millennium, AD 1000–2000_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Penguin Books. p. 235. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-14-029521-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029521-4"). 100. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-103> "Jump up")** Kulkarni, A. R. (2008). [_The Marathas_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Diamond Publications. p. 34. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-8483-073-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6"). 101. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-104> "Jump up")** Gandhi, Rajmohan (2000). [_Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Penguin UK. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-8475-318-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-318-9"). 102. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-105> "Jump up")** SarDesai, D. R. (2018). [_India: The Definitive History_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-429-97950-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97950-7"). 103. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200778_106-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon2007>), p. 78. 104. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098_107-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920>), p. 98. 105. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-108> "Jump up")** Joshi, P.S. (1980). "Early life of Sambhaji". [_Chhatrapati Sambhaji, 1657-1689 A.D._](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) S. Chand. pp. 91–93. Retrieved 15 February 2025. 106. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920185_109-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 185. 107. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1993231_110-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), p. 231. 108. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Deopujari1973_111-0> "Jump up")** Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari (1973). [_Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal. p. 138. 109. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460_112-0> "Jump up")** [Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000>), p. 460. 110. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461_113-0> "Jump up")** [Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000>), p. 461. 111. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174_114-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920>), pp. 173–174. 112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175_115-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920>), p. 175. 113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189_116-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920>), p. 189. 114. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393_117-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 393. 115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233_118-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920>), pp. 230–233. 116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Malavika_1999_119-0> "Jump up")** Malavika Vartak (May 1999). "Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol". _Economic and Political Weekly_. **34** (19): 1126–1134. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [4407933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper2003215_120-0> "Jump up")** [Jasper 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFJasper2003>), p. 215. 118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240_122-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), pp. 239–240. 119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199387_123-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), p. 87. 120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Gandhi1999_124-0> "Jump up")** Rajmohan Gandhi (1999). [_Revenge and Reconciliation_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Penguin Books India. pp. 110–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-14-029045-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029045-5"). "On the ground that Shivaji was merely a Maratha and not a kshatriya by caste, Maharashtra's Brahmins had refused to conduct a sacred coronation." 121. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199387-88_125-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), p. 87-88. 122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-BaviskarAttwood2013_126-0> "Jump up")** B. S. Baviskar; D. W. Attwood (2013). [_Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Sage Publications. pp. 395–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-321-1865-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1865-7"). 123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon199388_127-0> "Jump up")** [Gordon 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon1993>), p. 88. 124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-128> "Jump up")** Sunder, B. Shyam (1987). [_They Burn: The 160,000,000 Untouchables of India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Dalit Sahitya Akademy. 125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-129> "Jump up")** Chand, Shyam (2002). [_Saffron Fascism_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Hemkunt Publishers. 126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975\[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmythoflokamanya00richpage7_7\]_130-0> "Jump up")** [Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFCashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975>), p. [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321_131-0> "Jump up")** [Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011>), p. 321. 128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Godsmark2018_132-0> "Jump up")** Oliver Godsmark (2018). [_Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930–1960_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Taylor & Francis. pp. 40–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-351-18821-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-351-18821-0"). 129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Varma_&_Saberwal_133-0> "Jump up")** Varma, Supriya; Saberwal, Satish (2005). [_Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Oxford University Press. p. 250. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-566915-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566915-2"). 130. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244_134-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 244. 131. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_135-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_135-1>) [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 245. 132. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252_136-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 252. 133. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Pillai2018_137-0> "Jump up")** Manu S Pillai (2018). [_Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Juggernaut Books. p. xvi. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-86228-73-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-73-4"). 134. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Barua2005_138-0> "Jump up")** Barua, Pradeep (2005). [_The State at War in South Asia_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). University of Nebraska Press. p. 42. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-8032-1344-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9"). 135. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-RauArchives1980_139-0> "Jump up")** Mallavarapu Venkata Siva Prasada Rau (Andhra Pradesh Archives) (1980). [_Archival organization and records management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Published under the authority of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by the Director of State Archives (Andhra Pradesh State Archives). p. 393. 136. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920_140-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>). 137. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-141> "Jump up")** [_Yuva Bharati_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) (Volume 1 ed.). Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee. 1974. p. 13. "About 50,000 people witnessed the coronation ceremony and arrangements were made for their boarding and lodging." 138. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Kulkarnee1975_142-0> "Jump up")** Narayan H. Kulkarnee (1975). [_Chhatrapati Shivaji, Architect of Freedom: An Anthology_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti. 139. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Singh1998_143-0> "Jump up")** U. B. Singh (1998). [_Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). APH Publishing. p. 92. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7024-928-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-928-3"). 140. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Sharma1978_145-0> "Jump up")** Tej Ram Sharma (1978). [_Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Concept Publishing Company. p. 72. GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9. 141. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Srivastava1964_146-0> "Jump up")** Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1964). [_The History of India, 1000 A.D.–1707 A.D._](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 701. "Shivaji was obliged to undergo a second coronation ceremony on 4th October 1674, on the suggestion of a well-known Tantrik priest, named Nishchal Puri Goswami, who said that Gaga Bhatta had performed the ceremony at an inauspicious hour and neglected to propitiate the spirits adored in the Tantra. That was why, he said, the queen mother Jija Bai had died within twelve days of the ceremony and similar other mishaps had occurred." 142. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Branch1975_147-0> "Jump up")** Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch (1975). [_Shivaji and swarajya_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Orient Longman. p. 61. "one to establish that Shivaji belonged to the Kshatriya clan and that he could be crowned a Chhatrapati and the other to show that he was not entitled to the Vedic form of recitations at the time of the coronation" 143. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Sharma1951_148-0> "Jump up")** Shripad Rama Sharma (1951). [_The Making of Modern India: From A.D. 1526 to the Present Day_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Orient Longmans. p. 223. "The coronation was performed at first according to the Vedic rites, then according to the Tantric. Shivaji was anxious to satisfy all sections of his subjects. There was some doubt about his Kshatriya origin (see note at the end of this chapter). This was of more than academic interest to his contemporaries, especially Brahmans [Brahmins]. Traditionally considered the highest caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. the Brahmans would submit to Shivaji, and officiate at his coronation, only if his" 144. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017_149-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 17. 145. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-\(India\)1967_150-0> "Jump up")** Maharashtra (India) (1967). [_Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 147. 146. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258_151-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 258. 147. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Kruijtzer2009_152-0> "Jump up")** Gijs Kruijtzer (2009). [_Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Amsterdam University Press. pp. 153–190. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-90-8728-068-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-068-0"). 148. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-153> "Jump up")** Kulkarni, A. R. (1990). "Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom". _Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute_. **49** : 221–226. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [42930290](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276_154-0> "Jump up")** [Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960>), p. 276. 150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Jr.2010_155-0> "Jump up")** Everett Jenkins Jr. (2010). [_The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). McFarland. pp. 201–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-4766-0889-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0889-1"). 151. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290_156-0> "Jump up")** [Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960>), p. 290. 152. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-157> "Jump up")** Muddhachari, B. (1969). _The Mysore-Maratha relations in the 17th century_. Prasārānga, University of Mysore. p. 16,137-141. 153. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251_158-0> "Jump up")** [Sardesai 1957](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSardesai1957>), p. 251. 154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Jayapal1997_159-0> "Jump up")** Maya Jayapal (1997). [_Bangalore: the story of a city_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Eastwest Books (Madras). p. 20. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-86852-09-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-86852-09-5"). "Shivaji's and Ekoji's armies met in battle on 26 November 1677, and Ekoji was defeated. By the treaty he signed, Bangalore and the adjoining areas were given to Shivaji, who then made them over to Ekoji's wife Deepabai to be held by her, with the proviso that Ekoji had to ensure that Shahaji's Memorial was well tended." 155. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-160> "Jump up")** * [Laine, James W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "James Laine") (13 February 2003). ["Cracks in the Narrative"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [_Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Oxford University Press. p. 93. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141269.003.0006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-514126-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514126-9"). "Besides the fact that Shivaji grew up apart from his father, we are also aware of his testy relationship with his oldest son Sambhaji, who deserted his father's cause for a time and allied with the Mughals, and is primarily remembered for his affronts to the chaste virtue of brahmin women, his drug use, and his association with Tantric priests of questionable integrity" * [Richards, John F.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "John F. Richards") (1993). "Maratha insurgency and Mughal conquest in the Deccan". [_The Mughal Empire_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Cambridge University Press"). p. 215. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-56603-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"). "In December 1678, in disgrace for the rape of a respectable Brahmin woman, [he] escaped his father's surveillance and fled." * Rajaram Narayan Saletore (1978). [_Sex in Indian Harem Life_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Orient Paperbacks. p. 143. "During his life-time his son Sambhaji's conduct was a source of grief and vexation to him. When Sambhaji attempted to violate a Brahman's wife, Shivaji confined his son for a time in Panhala fort and, after his release, placed a strict watch over him." * Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986). [_Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 47. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-207-1015-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3"). "Though an excellent warrior, he became addicted to sensual pleasures on attaining maturity and displayed irresponsible conduct, unbecoming of a crown prince. What Salim had been to Akbar, Sambhaji was to his father Shivaji." * Vatsal, Tulsi (1982). [_Indian political history, from the Marathas to modern times_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Orient Longman. p. 29. "'Unlike his father,' observes Khafi Khan, 'Sambhaji was addicted to wine, and fond of the society of handsome women, and gave himself up to pleasure.' He was not merely dissolute; in 1678 he had actually deserted to the Mughal camp and had attacked the Maratha fort of Bhupalgad, and Shivaji had been forced to keep him in confinement at Panhala." 156. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_161-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_161-1>) [Mehta 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFMehta2005>), p. 47. 157. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-k052_162-0> "Jump up")** Eraly, Abraham (2000). [_Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Penguin Books India. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-14-100143-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100143-2"). Retrieved 12 August 2025. 158. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278_163-0> "Jump up")** [Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960>), p. 278. 159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehendale20111147_164-0> "Jump up")** [Mehendale 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFMehendale2011>), p. 1147. 160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-166> "Jump up")** Pissurlencar, Pandurang Sakharam. _Portuguese-Mahratta Relations_. Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture. p. 61. 161. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:3_167-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:3_167-1>) Mehendale, Gajanan Bhaskar (2011). _Shivaji his life and times_. India: Param Mitra Publications. p. 1147. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-80875-17-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-93-80875-17-0"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "OCLC \(identifier\)") [801376912](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 162. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:2_168-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:2_168-1>) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:2_168-2>) Mahajan, V. D. (2000). _India since 1526_ (17th ed., rev. & enl ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand. p. 203. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [81-219-1145-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/81-219-1145-1"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "OCLC \(identifier\)") [956763986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201753_169-0> "Jump up")** [Truschke 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFTruschke2017>), p. 53. 164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200548_170-0> "Jump up")** [Mehta 2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFMehta2005>), p. 48. 165. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004_171-0> "Jump up")** Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī (2004). [_Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th–18th centuries_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library. p. 139. "By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy." 166. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:0_172-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:0_172-1>) [Ashta Pradhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) at the _[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Encyclopædia Britannica")_. 167. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-173> "Jump up")** Kulkarni, A. R. (2008). [_The Marathas_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Diamond Publications. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-8483-073-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6"). 168. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-174> "Jump up")** Pollock, Sheldon (2011). [_Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Duke University Press. p. 50. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-8223-4904-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4904-4"). 169. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:4_175-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:4_175-1>) Pollock, Sheldon (2011). [_Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Duke University Press. p. 60. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-8223-4904-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4904-4"). 170. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421_176-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 421. 171. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Society1963_177-0> "Jump up")** American Oriental Society (1963). [_Journal of the American Oriental Society_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). American Oriental Society. p. 476. Retrieved 27 September 2012. 172. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-178> "Jump up")** Gijs Kruijtzer (2009). _Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India_. Leiden University Press. pp. 8–9. 173. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Pissurlencar1975_179-0> "Jump up")** Panduronga S. S. Pissurlencar (1975). [_The Portuguese and the Marathas: Translation of Articles of the Late Dr. Pandurang S. Pissurlenkar's Portugueses E Maratas in Portuguese Language_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). State Board for Literature and Culture, Government of Maharashtra. p. 152. 174. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200781_180-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200781_180-1>) [Gordon 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFGordon2007>), p. 81. 175. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-182> "Jump up")** Kulkarni, A. R. (July 2008). [_Medieval Maratha Country_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Diamond Publications. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-8483-072-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-072-9"). 176. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-183> "Jump up")** Eraly, Abraham (2007). [_Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Penguin Books Limited. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-5118-093-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7"). 177. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-184> "Jump up")** Roy, Kaushik (3 June 2015). [_Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-317-58691-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58691-3"). 178. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-185> "Jump up")** Barua, Pradeep (1 January 2005). [_The State at War in South Asia_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). University of Nebraska Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-8032-1344-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9"). 179. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-186> "Jump up")** Davis, Paul (25 July 2013). [_Masters of the Battlefield: Great Commanders from the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). OUP USA. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-534235-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534235-2"). 180. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-auto_187-0> "Jump up")** Kantak, M. R. (1993). [_The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Popular Prakashan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7154-696-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1"). 181. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Wolpert1994_188-0> "Jump up")** Stanley A. Wolpert (1994). [_An Introduction to India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Penguin Books India. p. [43](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-14-016870-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-016870-9"). 182. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Tinker1990_189-0> "Jump up")** Hugh Tinker (1990). [_South Asia: A Short History_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). University of Hawaii Press. p. [23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-8248-1287-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1287-4"). 183. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-190> "Jump up")** Kantak, M. R. (1993). [_The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Popular Prakashan. p. 9. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7154-696-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1"). 184. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-191> "Jump up")** Abhang, C. J. (2014). UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS OF EAST INDIA COMPANY REGARDING DESTRUCTION OF FORTS IN JUNNER REGION. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 75, 448–454. 185. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321_192-0> "Jump up")** [Pagadi 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFPagadi1983>), p. 21. 186. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Naravane1995_193-0> "Jump up")** M. S. Naravane (1 January 1995). [_Forts of Maharashtra_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). APH Publishing Corporation. p. 14. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7024-696-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-696-1"). 187. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408_194-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920>), p. 408. 188. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414_195-0> "Jump up")** [Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920>), p. 414. 189. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Roy2011_196-0> "Jump up")** Kaushik Roy (30 March 2011). [_War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Taylor & Francis. pp. 17–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-136-79087-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79087-4"). 190. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_197-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_197-1>) [Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920>), p. 59. 191. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Shastry1981_198-0> "Jump up")** Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry (1981). [_Studies in Indo-Portuguese History_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). IBH Prakashana. 192. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-RoyLorge2014_199-0> "Jump up")** Kaushik Roy; Peter Lorge (17 December 2014). [_Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Routledge. pp. 183–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-317-58710-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58710-1"). 193. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-200> "Jump up")** ["New Naval Ensign: The naval prowess of Chhatrapati Shivaji that has always inspired the Indian Navy - Optimize IAS"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 3 September 2022. 194. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Misra1986_201-0> "Jump up")** Raj Narain Misra (1986). [_Indian Ocean and India's Security_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Mittal Publications. pp. 13–. GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S. 195. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:11_202-0> "Jump up")** Sen, Surendra (1928). [_Foreign Biographies of Shivaji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Vol. II. London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd. p. xiii. 196. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-203> "Jump up")** Surendra Nath Sen (1977). [_Foreign Biographies of Shivaji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). K. P. Bagchi. pp. 14, 139. 197. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201754_204-0> "Jump up")** [Truschke 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFTruschke2017>), p. 54. 198. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:12_205-0> "Jump up")** Sarkar, Jadunath (1920). [_Shivaji and his times_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). University of California Libraries. London, New York, Longmans, Green and co. pp. 20–30, 43, 437, 158, 163. 199. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Chakravarti2014_206-0> "Jump up")** Uma Chakravarti (2014). [_Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Zubaan. pp. 79–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-83074-63-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-93-83074-63-1"). 200. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Pati2011_207-0> "Jump up")** Biswamoy Pati (2011). [_Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Primus Books. p. 101. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-80607-18-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-18-4"). 201. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975107_208-0> "Jump up")** [Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFCashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975>), p. 107. 202. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-209> "Jump up")** [_Indo-British Review_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Indo-British Historical Society. p. 75. 203. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-210> "Jump up")** McLain, Karline (2009). [_India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Indiana University Press. p. 121. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-253-22052-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22052-3"). 204. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Deshpande2007_211-0> "Jump up")** Prachi Deshpande (2007). [_Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Columbia University Press. pp. 136–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-231-12486-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12486-7"). "Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the "chauvinism" he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas" 205. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Bayly2011_212-0> "Jump up")** C. A. Bayly (2011). [_Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-139-50518-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50518-5"). 206. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-213> "Jump up")** Dennis Kincaid (1937). [_The Grand Rebel_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 207. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:6_214-0> "Jump up")** ["'Chatrapati Shivaji was a national hero'"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _The Hindu_. 19 February 2015. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISSN \(identifier\)") [0971-751X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Retrieved 12 August 2023. 208. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:7_215-0> "Jump up")** ["Appropriating a national hero"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _Frontline_. 22 May 2003. Retrieved 12 August 2023. 209. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:9_216-0> "Jump up")** ["BBC Radio 4 in Four, Shivaji: An icon of Hindu pride"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _BBC_. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2023. 210. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-217> "Jump up")** Kuber, Girish (2021). _Renaissance State : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra_. [S.l.]: Harper Collins India. pp. 69–78. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-93-90327-39-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-93-90327-39-3"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "OCLC \(identifier\)") [1245346175](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 211. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-r146_218-0> "Jump up")** Ganeshan, Balakrishna (6 November 2023). ["Shivaji statues in Telangana: BJP's politics of Hindu right-wing iconography, Dalit backlash"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _Newslaundry_. Retrieved 13 October 2024. 212. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-q235_219-0> "Jump up")** Daniyal, Shoaib (9 September 2018). ["Protector of Brahmins or peasant king? Why a historian of Shivaji is on Sanatan Sanstha's hitlist"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _Scroll.in_. Retrieved 12 October 2024. 213. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-j001_220-0> "Jump up")** Jayawardena, K.; de Alwis, M. (1996). [_Embodied Violence: Communalising Female Sexuality in South Asia_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). ACLS Humanities E-Book. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 163. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-85649-448-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-448-9"). Retrieved 13 October 2024. 214. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-Naipaul2011_221-0> "Jump up")** [Naipaul, V. S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "V. S. Naipaul") (2011). [_India: A Wounded Civilization_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 65. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-307-78934-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78934-1"). 215. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_222-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_222-1>) [Laine 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#CITEREFLaine2011>), p. 164. 216. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-223> "Jump up")** [_Lok Sabha Debates_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1952. p. 121. "Will the Minister of Education, Social Welfare and Culture be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ..." 217. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-224> "Jump up")** [_The Indian P.E.N._](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) P.E.N. All-India Centre. 1964. p. 32. "Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication." 218. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-225> "Jump up")** Krishna Kumar (20 August 2015). ["Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _The Economic Times_. 219. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-226> "Jump up")** Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001). [_Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Princeton University Press. p. 22. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [0-691-08840-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/0-691-08840-3"). 220. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-227> "Jump up")** Kaur, Raminder; Mazzarella, William (2009). [_Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Indiana University Press. p. 1. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-253-35335-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35335-1"). 221. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:5_228-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:5_228-1>) ["India seeks to arrest US scholar"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _BBC News_. 23 March 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2013. 222. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-229> "Jump up")** Vajpeyi, Ananya (August 2004). ["The Past and its Passions: Writing History in Hard Times"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _Studies in History_. **20** (2): 317–329. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.1177/025764300402000207](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISSN \(identifier\)") [0257-6430](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "S2CID \(identifier\)") [162555504](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). 223. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-230> "Jump up")** ["'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "The Times of India")_. 6 January 2004. Retrieved 3 May 2021. 224. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-231> "Jump up")** ["Where The Stream Of Reason Lost Its Way..."](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) _Financial Express_. 12 January 2004. Retrieved 3 May 2021. 225. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-232> "Jump up")** ["Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "The Times of India")_. 9 July 2010. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2013. 226. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-233> "Jump up")** ["Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). webindia123.com. 10 July 2010. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013. 227. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-234> "Jump up")** Rahul Chandawarkar (10 July 2010). ["Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _DNA India_. Retrieved 25 September 2013. 228. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-235> "Jump up")** Khapre, Shubhangi (30 August 2024). ["In Maharashtra, everybody loves a Shivaji statue"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _The Indian Express_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2024. 229. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:8_236-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-:8_236-1>) Nath, Dipanita (19 February 2022). ["Shiv Jayanti Special: The story behind world's first equestrian statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji in Pune"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _The Indian Express_. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) from the original on 27 August 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2024. 230. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-237> "Jump up")** Ahmed, Aroosa (11 August 2017). ["Mumbai to get sixth Shivaji statue outside CST"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _Hindustan Times_. 231. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-238> "Jump up")** ["Kalam unveils Shivaji statue"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _[The Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "The Hindu")_. 29 April 2003. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2012. 232. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-239> "Jump up")** Saiyed, Kamaal (15 July 2012). ["Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _The Indian Express_. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2012. 233. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-240> "Jump up")** ["Descendant of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj again unveils statue at Rajhansgad Fort"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _The Hindu_. 5 March 2023. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISSN \(identifier\)") [0971-751X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2024. 234. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-241> "Jump up")** Campbell, Justin (10 February 2023). ["San Jose statue depicting heroic Indian ruler found after being stolen"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _KRON4_. 235. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-242> "Jump up")** Deshpande, Abhinay (28 April 2023). ["Fadnavis unveils Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's statue in Mauritius"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _The Hindu_. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISSN \(identifier\)") [0971-751X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Retrieved 19 November 2024. 236. ^ [Jump up to: _**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-DNATakeHomeArticle_243-0>) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-DNATakeHomeArticle_243-1>) ["Now, you can take museum relics home from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _www.dnaindia.com_. Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2015. 237. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-244> "Jump up")** ["Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _Encyclopedia Britannica_. 20 October 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2024. 238. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-railway-station-rename_245-0> "Jump up")** ["Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _Times of India_. No. 30 June. 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2018. 239. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-246> "Jump up")** ["Mumbai airport renamed as Chhatrapati Shivaji 'Maharaj' International Airport"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _The Indian Express_. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2024. 240. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-247> "Jump up")** ["INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Indian Navy. Archived from [the original](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012. 241. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-248> "Jump up")** ["Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Indianpost.com. 21 April 1980. Retrieved 17 September 2012. 242. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-249> "Jump up")** ["Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils Indian Navy's new ensign"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _The Hindu_. 2 September 2022. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISSN \(identifier\)") [0971-751X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Retrieved 9 August 2023. 243. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-250> "Jump up")** ["Shivaji killas express pure reverence"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _[The Times of India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "The Times of India")_. 29 October 2010. [Archived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) from the original on 4 November 2012. 244. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-251> "Jump up")** Laine, James W. (2003). [_Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-972643-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972643-1"). 245. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-252> "Jump up")** Nina Golgowski (31 October 2018). ["India Now Boasts The World's Tallest Statue, And It's Twice Lady Liberty's Size"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _[Huffington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Huffington Post")_. Retrieved 31 October 2018 – via [Yahoo! News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Yahoo! News"). 246. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<#cite_ref-connect2_253-0> "Jump up")** ["Contract for Shivaji Memorial Project, PWD proposes extension of one year to firm without cost escalation"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _indianexpress.com_. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021. ### Bibliography * Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), [_India Before Europe_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Cambridge University Press, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-80904-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7") * Cashman, Richard I (1975), [_The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), [University of California Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "University of California Press"), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-520-02407-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02407-6") * Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2015), [_The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), [Princeton University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Princeton University Press"), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-4008-6815-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5") * [Eraly, Abraham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Abraham Eraly") (2000), [_Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), [Penguin Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Penguin Books") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "India"), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-14-100143-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100143-2") * Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011), [_A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Pearson Education India, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-317-3202-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1") * Gier, Nicholas F. (2014), [_The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Lexington Books, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-7391-9223-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8") * [Gordon, Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Stewart N. Gordon") (1993), [_The Marathas 1600–1818_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Cambridge University Press"), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-26883-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7") * Gordon, Stewart (2007). [_The Marathas 1600–1818_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-03316-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"). * [Haig, Wolseley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Wolseley Haig"); [Burn, Richard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Richard Burn \(Indologist\)") (1960) [first published 1937], [_The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Cambridge University Press") * Jasper, Daniel (2003). "Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India, and the development of Maharashtrian public politics". _Journal of Political and Military Sociology_. **31** (2): 215–230. [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [45293740](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "S2CID \(identifier\)") [152003918](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). * Kamdar, Mira (2018), [_India in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Oxford University Press, pp. 41–, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-997360-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997360-6") * Knipe, David M. (2015), [_Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Oxford University Press, pp. 40–, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-026673-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026673-8") * [Laine, James W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "James W. Laine") (2011), "Resisting My Attackers; Resisting My Defenders", in Schmalz, Matthew N.; Gottschalk, Peter (eds.), [_Engaging South Asian Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and Resistances_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Albany: [SUNY Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "SUNY Press"), pp. 153–172, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-4384-3323-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3323-3") * Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2009) [1984], [_Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-207-1015-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3") * Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005), [_Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-932705-54-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6") * Deshpande, Anirudh (2015). "Introduction". In Pansare, Govind (ed.). [_Who Was Shivaji?_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). LeftWord. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-9380118130](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-9380118130"). * Ravishankar, Chinya V. (2018), [_Sons of Sarasvati: Late Exemplars of the Indian Intellectual Tradition_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), State University of New York Press, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-4384-7185-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7185-3") * Robb, Peter (2011), [_A History of India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Macmillan, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-230-34424-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34424-2")[_[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Wikipedia:Link rot")_] * Roy, Kaushik (2015), [_Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Routledge, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-317-32128-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32128-6") * Roy, Tirthankar (2013), [_An Economic History of Early Modern India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Routledge, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-135-04787-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04787-0") * Pagadi, Setumadhava Rao (1983), [_Shivaji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), National Book Trust, India * [Sarkar, Jadunath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jadunath Sarkar") (1920) [1919], [_Shivaji and His Times_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) (Second ed.), London: Longmans, Green and Co. * [Sarkar, Jadunath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jadunath Sarkar") (1920), [_History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Longmans, Green and Company * [Sardesai, Govind Sakharam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Govind Sakharam Sardesai") (1957) [1946], [_New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600–1707)_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Phoenix Publications * [Stein, Burton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Burton Stein") (1987), _Vijayanagara (The New Cambridge History of India)_ , Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [0-521-26693-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/0-521-26693-9")`{{citation[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Template:Citation")}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Category:CS1 maint: publisher location")) * Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2002), [_The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Cambridge University Press, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-521-89226-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89226-1") * [Truschke, Audrey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Audrey Truschke") (2017), [_Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), [Stanford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Stanford University Press"), [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-1-5036-0259-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5") * [Wolpert, Stanley A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Stanley A. Wolpert") (1962), [_Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), [University of California Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "University of California Press") * [Zakaria, Rafiq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rafique Zakaria") (2002), [_Communal Rage In Secular India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/), Popular Prakashan, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-81-7991-070-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-070-2") ## Further reading * Apte, B. K., ed. (1974–1975). _Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume_. Bombay: [University of Bombay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "University of Bombay"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "OCLC \(identifier\)") [3032928](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). * [Laine, James W.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "James W. Laine") (2003). [_Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Oxford University Press, USA. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "ISBN \(identifier\)") [978-0-19-514126-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514126-9"). * Pearson, M. N. (1976b). ["Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). _[Journal of Asian Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Journal of Asian Studies")_. **35** (2): 221–235. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Doi \(identifier\)"):[10.2307/2053980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "JSTOR \(identifier\)") [2053980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "S2CID \(identifier\)") [162482005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). ## External links [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Shivaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "commons:Category:Shivaji"). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) [Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Wikisource") has the text of a [1911 _Encyclopædia Britannica_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition") article about [Shivaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sivaji"). * ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png) Quotations related to [Shivaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "wikiquote:Shivaji") at Wikiquote Shivaji **[House of Bhonsle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "House of Bhonsle")****Born:** c. 1627/1630 **Died:** 3 April 1680 --- Regnal titles **New title** new state formed | **[Chhatrapati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chhatrapati") of the [Maratha Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha Empire") **1674–1680 | Succeeded by[Sambhaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sambhaji") [Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"): * ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/20px-P_vip.svg.png) [Biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Portal:Biography") * ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png) [Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Portal:Hinduism") * ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/40px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png) [Royalty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Portal:Royalty") * ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png) [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Portal:India") * ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/40px-P_history.svg.png) [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Portal:History") show * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Template:Shivaji") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Template talk:Shivaji") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:EditPage/Template:Shivaji") [Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj") --- [Origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bhonsle") and [Early life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Early life of Shivaji") Ancestry and family| * [Maloji Bhosale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maloji Bhosale") * [Shahaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shahaji") * [Jijabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jijabai") * [Sambhaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sambhaji") * [Rajaram I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajaram I") * [Tarabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Tarabai") * [Shahu I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chhattrapati Shahu") | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/120px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) [Battles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battles")| * [Pratapgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pratapgarh") * [Kolhapur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Kolhapur") * [Pavan Khind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pavan Khind") * [Chakan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Chakan") * [Surat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Surat") * [Purandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Purandar") * [Sinhagad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Sinhagad") * [Kalyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Kalyan") * [Jinji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siege of Jinji") [Forts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji's forts")| * [Karnala Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Karnala Fort") * [Panhala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Panhala Fort") * [Pratapgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pratapgad") * [ Purandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Purandar fort") * [Raigad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raigad Fort") * [Rajgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajgad") * [Sajjangad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sajjangad") * [Shivneri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivneri") * [Sindhudurg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sindhudurg Fort") * [Sinhagad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sinhagad") * [Torna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Torna Fort") * [Vishalgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Vishalgad") * [In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivaji in popular culture") show * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Template:Maratha Confederacy") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Template talk:Maratha Confederacy") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Special:EditPage/Template:Maratha Confederacy") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bhagwa Dhwaj") [Maratha Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha Empire") --- [Chhatrapatis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Chhatrapati") (Kings)| * Shivaji * [Sambhaji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sambhaji") * [Rajaram I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajaram I") * [Tarabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Tarabai") * [Shahu I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shahu I") * [Rajaram II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajaram II of Satara") * [Shahu II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shahu II of Satara") * [Pratap Singh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pratap Singh, Raja of Satara") [Peshwas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Peshwa") (Prime ministers)| * [Moropant Trimbak Pingle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Moropant Trimbak Pingle") * [Moreshvar Pingale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Moreshvar Pingale") * [Ramchandra Pant Amatya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ramchandra Pant Amatya") * [Bahiroji Pingale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bahiroji Pingale") * [Balaji Vishwanath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Balaji Vishwanath") * [Baji Rao I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Baji Rao I") * [Balaji Baji Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Balaji Baji Rao") * [Madhavrao Ballal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Madhavrao I") * [Narayan Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Narayan Rao") * [Raghunathrao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raghunathrao") * [Sawai Madhavrao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Madhavrao II") * [Baji Rao II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Baji Rao II") * [Amrut Rao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Amrut Rao") * [Nana Sahib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Nana Sahib") * [Bhat family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bhat family") [Amatya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Amatya") & [Pratinidhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pratinidhi") (Councilors and viceroys)| * [Ramchandra Pant Amatya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ramchandra Pant Amatya") * [Pralhad Niraji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pralhad Niraji") * [Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi") (_hereditary_) * [Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi") * [Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi") Women| * [Ahilyabai Holkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ahilyabai Holkar") * [Anandibai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Anandibai") * [Gopikabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Gopikabai") * [Jankibai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jankibai") * [Jijabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Jijabai") * [Kashibai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kashibai") * [Lakshmibai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Lakshmibai") * [Mastani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mastani") * [Parvatibai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Parvatibai") * [Putalabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Putalabai") * [Ramabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Ramabai Peshwa") * [Saibai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sai Bhosale") * [Sakvarbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sakvarbai") * [Soyarabai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Soyarabai") * [Umabai Dabhade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Umabai Dabhade") * [Baka Bai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Baka Bai") * [Tulsi Bai Holkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Tulsi Bai Holkar") Maratha Empire| * [Bhonsle of Nagpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Bhonsle") * [Gaekwad of Baroda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Gaekwad dynasty") * [Scindia of Gwalior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Scindia") * [Holkar of Indore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "House of Holkar") * [Patwardhan dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Patwardhan dynasty") [Battles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battles involving the Maratha Empire")| * [Pratapgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pratapgarh") * [Kolhapur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Kolhapur") * [Pavan Khind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pavan Khind") * [Umberkhind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Umberkhind \(page does not exist\)") * [Chakan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Chakan") * [Surat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Surat") * [Purandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Purandar") * [Sinhagad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Sinhagad") * [Kalyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Kalyan") * [Bhupalgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Bhupalgarh") * [Bijapur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siege of Bijapur") * [Jinji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siege of Jinji") * [Satara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Satara") * [Khelna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Khelna") * [Torna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Torna") * [Palkhed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Palkhed") * [Malwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Malwa") * [Mandsaur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Mandsaur \(page does not exist\)") * [Bhopal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Bhopal") * [Vasai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Vasai") * [1st Trichinopoly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siege of Trichinopoly \(1741\)") * [Katwa (1st)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "First Battle of Katwa") * [2nd Trichinopoly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siege of Trichinopoly \(1743\)") * [Katwa (2nd)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Second Battle of Katwa") * [Invasions of Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha invasions of Bengal") * [Narela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Narela") * [2nd Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Delhi \(1757\)") * [North-west India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha conquest of North-west India") * Peshawar * [3rd Panipat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Third Battle of Panipat") * [Alegaon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Alegaon") * [Capture of Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Capture of Delhi, 1771") * [Pachgaon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Pachgaon") * [Saunshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Saunshi") * [Wadgaon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Wadgaon") * [Adoni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siege of Adoni") * [Badami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siege of Badami") * [Savanur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Savanur") * [Gajendragad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Gajendragad") * [Bahadur Benda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siege of Bahadur Benda") * [Lalsot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Lalsot") * [Chaksana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Chaksana") * [Kharda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Kharda") * [Poona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Poona") * [3rd Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Delhi \(1803\)") * [Assaye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Assaye") * [Laswari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Laswari") * [Farrukhabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Farrukhabad") * [Bharatpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Siege of Bharatpur \(1805\)") * [Khadki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Khadki") * [Koregaon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Koregaon") * [Mahidpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Battle of Mahidpur") Wars| * [Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years") * [Maratha–Mysore War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Maratha–Mysore War") * [First Anglo-Maratha War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "First Anglo-Maratha War") * [Second Anglo-Maratha War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Second Anglo-Maratha War") * [Third Anglo-Maratha War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Third Anglo-Maratha War") Adversaries| * [Adil Shahi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sultanate of Bijapur") * [Qutb Shahi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sultanate of Golconda") * [Mughal Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mughal Empire") * [Durrani Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Durrani Empire") * [British Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "British Raj") * [Portuguese Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Portuguese Empire") * [Nizam of Hyderabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Nizam of Hyderabad") * [Kingdom of Rohilkhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kingdom of Rohilkhand") * [Mysore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Kingdom of Mysore") Forts| * [Mangad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Mangad Fort") * [Panhala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Panhala Fort") * [Pratapgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Pratapgad") * [ Purandar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Purandar Fort") * [Raigad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Raigad Fort") * [Rajgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajgad Fort") * [Shaniwar Wada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shaniwar Wada") * [Shivneri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivneri Fort") * [Sindhudurg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Sindhudurg Fort") * [Rajgad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Rajgad Fort") * [Torna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Torna Fort") Coins| * [Shivrai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Shivrai") show[Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Edit this at Wikidata") --- International| * [ISNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [VIAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [GND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [FAST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [WorldCat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) National| * [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [BnF data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * [Vatican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) * 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